The Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment

Grubı̆sı́c, Vanda; Doyle, James D.; Kuettner, Joachim P.; Mobbs, Stephen; Smith, Ronald B.; Whiteman, C. David; Dirks, Richard A.; Czyzyk, Stanley; Cohn, Stephen A.; Vosper, Simon; Weißmann, Martin; Haimov, S.; Wekker, Stephan F. J. De; Pan, Laura L.; Chow, Fotini Katopodes

doi:10.1175/2008bams2487.1

Cited by 185 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…By moving the beam intersection over an area or volume of interest, the flow can be mapped and resolved in two or all three dimensions. Dual-Doppler setups consisting of two scanning lidars have been used in several large atmospheric studies (e.g., McCarthy et al, 1982;Newsom et al, 2005;Collier et al, 2005;Grubišić et al, 2008), while their application in wind-energy-related studies is rather recent (e.g., Iungo et al, 2013;Newsom et al, 2015). Triplelidars were primarily used to demonstrate the capability of accurately retrieving the wind vector in a single point or in multiple points distributed along a single vertical axis (see virtual masts in Fuertes et al, 2014;Newman et al, 2016;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perdigão 2015: methodology for atmospheric multi-Doppler lidar experiments

et al. 2017

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Abstract. The long-range and short-range WindScanner systems (LRWS and SRWS), multi-Doppler lidar instruments, when combined together can map the turbulent flow around a wind turbine and at the same time measure mean flow conditions over an entire region such as a wind farm. As the WindScanner technology is novel, performing field campaigns with the WindScanner systems requires a methodology that will maximize the benefits of conducting WindScannerbased experiments. Such a methodology, made up of 10 steps, is presented and discussed through its application in a pilot experiment that took place in a complex and forested site in Portugal, where for the first time the two WindScanner systems operated simultaneously. Overall, this resulted in a detailed site selection criteria, a well-thought-out experiment layout, novel flow mapping methods and high-quality flow observations, all of which are presented in this paper.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perdigão 2015: methodology for atmospheric multi-Doppler lidar experiments

et al. 2017

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“…Probably since Radok (1954), which was one of the first observations of mountain waves with aircraft, past aircraft field campaigns have mainly focused on terraininduced gravity waves (Radok, 1954;Vergeiner and Lilly, 1970;Lilly and Kennedy, 1973;Smith, 1976;Karacostas and Marwitz, 1980;Brown, 1983;Moustaoui et al, 1999;Leutbecher and Volkert, 2000;Poulos et al, 2002;Doyle et al, 2002;Smith et al, 2008). The recent Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment (T-REX) in MarchApril 2006 (Grubišić et al, 2008) was the first full research project to use the National Science Foundation (NSF) -National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Gulfstream V (GV) (Laursen et al, 2006), which has better Global Positioning System (GPS) accuracy than the previous versions. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) high-altitude ER-2 research aircraft was also employed during the recent Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE) (Jensen et al, 2004), which conducted research flights in the vicinity of subtropical and tropical deep convection to study the effects of convectively generated gravity waves (Wang et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aircraft measurements of gravity waves in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during the START08 field experiment

et al. 2015

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Abstract. This study analyzes in situ airborne measurements from the 2008 Stratosphere-Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport (START08) experiment to characterize gravity waves in the extratropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (ExUTLS). The focus is on the second research flight (RF02), which took place on 21-22 April 2008. This was the first airborne mission dedicated to probing gravity waves associated with strong upper-tropospheric jet-front systems. Based on spectral and wavelet analyses of the in situ observations, along with a diagnosis of the polarization relationships, clear signals of mesoscale variations with wavelengths ∼ 50-500 km are found in almost every segment of the 8 h flight, which took place mostly in the lower stratosphere. The aircraft sampled a wide range of background conditions including the region near the jet core, the jet exit and over the Rocky Mountains with clear evidence of vertically propagating gravity waves of along-track wavelength between 100 and 120 km. The power spectra of the horizontal velocity components and potential temperature for the scale approximately between ∼ 8 and ∼ 256 km display an approximate −5/3 power law in agreement with past studies on aircraft measurements, while the fluctuations roll over to a −3 power law for the scale approximately between ∼ 0.5 and ∼ 8 km (except when this part of the spectrum is activated, as recorded clearly by one of the flight segments). However, at least part of the high-frequency signals with sampled periods of ∼ 20-∼ 60 s and wavelengths of ∼ 5-∼ 15 km might be due to intrinsic observational errors in the aircraft measurements, even though the possibilities that these fluctuations may be due to other physical phenomena (e.g., nonlinear dynamics, shear instability and/or turbulence) cannot be completely ruled out.

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“…Several field campaigns to investigate flow over mountains have taken place over the last decades, for example: ALPEX [29,30], PYREX [31], MAP [32,33] and T-REX [34,35]. These campaigns were generally carried out by large consortia, an exception being the smaller-scale campaign in the island of Madeira reported by Miranda et al [36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The physics of orographic gravity wave drag

Teixeira

2014

Front. Phys.

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The drag and momentum fluxes produced by gravity waves generated in flow over orography are reviewed, focusing on adiabatic conditions without phase transitions or radiation effects, and steady mean incoming flow. The orographic gravity wave drag is first introduced in its simplest possible form, for inviscid, linearized, non-rotating flow with the Boussinesq and hydrostatic approximations, and constant wind and static stability. Subsequently, the contributions made by previous authors (primarily using theory and numerical simulations) to elucidate how the drag is affected by additional physical processes are surveyed. These include the effect of orography anisotropy, vertical wind shear, total and partial critical levels, vertical wave reflection and resonance, non-hydrostatic effects and trapped lee waves, rotation and nonlinearity. Frictional and boundary layer effects are also briefly mentioned. A better understanding of all of these aspects is important for guiding the improvement of drag parametrization schemes.

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The Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment

Cited by 185 publications

References 22 publications

Perdigão 2015: methodology for atmospheric multi-Doppler lidar experiments

Perdigão 2015: methodology for atmospheric multi-Doppler lidar experiments

Aircraft measurements of gravity waves in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during the START08 field experiment

The physics of orographic gravity wave drag

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