The Terrorist-Criminal Nexus

Hesterman, Jennifer

doi:10.1201/b14565

Cited by 49 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…McVeigh’s Oklahoma City bombing coconspirator, Terry Nichols, was a sovereign citizen known to have connections to other antigovernment groups (Bjelopera, 2013; Gruenewald, Chermak, & Freilich, 2013; Hunter & Heinke, 2011; Meyer, 2013; Weir, 2015). Since April 1995, other self-identified sovereign citizens have been associated with incidents that escalated into violence (Hersterman, 2013; Laird, 2014). The May 2010 killing of two West Memphis, Arkansas, police officers by self-identified father-son sovereign citizens Jerry and Joseph Kane and the July 2016 killing of three police officers in Louisiana by sovereign citizen Gavin Eugene Long reinforce this linkage (Sturgis, 2016; Swenson, 2012).…”

Section: Sovereign Citizensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postdicting violence with sovereign citizen actors: An exploratory test of the TRAP-18.

Challacombe¹,

Lucas²

2019

Journal of Threat Assessment and Management

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The sovereign citizen movement is one of the largest antigovernment nationalism or domestic terrorist collectives in the United States. In the last decade, over a dozen public officials were injured or killed by individuals adhering to sovereign citizen ideology. The Terrorist Radicalization Assessment Protocol (TRAP-18;Meloy & Gill, 2016;Meloy, Habermeyer, & Guldimann, 2015) is a collection of 18 behavior-based warning signs for terror incidents which has been used to assess primarily international terrorism samples. In this study, the researchers applied the TRAP-18 to both violent and nonviolent incidents involving sovereign citizen members. Using chi-square tests for independence and a logistic regression analysis, the researchers found support for the TRAP-18. The sum of the TRAP-18 scores was able to postdict violent outcomes within the events included within the study. This important finding should guide future research on the use of the TRAP-18 involving sovereign citizens' collectives and other domestic groups who exhibit violence. Public Significance StatementThe present study finds the Terrorist Radicalization Assessment Protocol (TRAP-18) tool was useful in differentiating violent domestic terrorism incidents from those that did not escalate to violence. It advances the concept that appropriately trained professionals may be able to identify warning behaviors in order to predict and prevent violent incidents.

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Section: Sovereign Citizensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postdicting violence with sovereign citizen actors: An exploratory test of the TRAP-18.

Challacombe¹,

Lucas²

2019

Journal of Threat Assessment and Management

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“…Likewise, the Finnish crime prevention and control experts warned that the Colombian cartels allegedly sponsored the transformation of Mexican criminal gangs into consolidated cartels to enable them to operate drug trafficking routes into the U. S. Furthermore, they assured that Colombian cartels had allegedly revolutionized the cocaine markets in the U.S. by introducing new products such as crack (a cooked mixture of cocaine laced with sodium bicarbonate that cheapened the drug´s street price in depressed economic neighborhoods in large U.S. cities) and, simultaneously had developed new markets for cocaine in European cities in hand with Italian mafias and other European criminal organizations. Many authors and experts expressed cursory acceptance of policies based on the premise that monopolistic cartels dominated the global drug trafficking trade (Adamoli, Di Nicola, Savona, and Zoffi, 1998;Sullivan & Bunker, 2002;Langton, 2012;Flanigan, 2012;Alasmari, 2012;Medina-Gallego, 2012;Bagley, 2013;Cordero, 2013;Hesterman, 2013;Pontón, 2013;Gutiérrez-Romero & Oviedo León, 2014;Rosen & Zepeda Martínez, 2015;Niño, 2016;Bergman, 2016).…”

Section: Drug Cartelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

International anti-drug policies and corrupt public-private coalitions: perspectives from a criminology of the global south

Pérez-Salazar,

Silva García

2024

ecoins

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Las estructuras criminales que manejan el tráfico internacional de drogas en el hemisferio occidental están mal caracterizadas e interpretadas en las políticas y estrategias internacionales antidrogas. Su caracterización como cárteles y el papel que presuntamente desempeñan en el tráfico internacional de drogas y la cadena de valor se basa en premisas ideológicas engañosas difundidas por políticos, medios de comunicación y organismos de control penal. Al mismo tiempo, las políticas internacionales antidrogas recompensan a los organismos oficiales de control penal con la expansión continua de sus poderes y presupuestos para llevar a cabo intervenciones extraterritoriales, aumentando la violencia organizada, la corrupción y la infracción de los derechos y libertades fundamentales. En las conclusiones se discuten directrices más fértiles para las políticas internacionales antidrogas en el futuro.

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“…31 Digital currency providers are businesses that keep and administer accounts for their customers, but generally do not issue digital currency to those customers directly. 32 Customers buy or sell digital currency from digital currency exchanges, who transfer the digital Ahmed Examination of the Tax Treatment of Cryptocurrency Transactions in Nigeria https://doi.org/10.53982/alj.2021.0901.09-j currency into or out of the customer's account. 33 A digital currency exchange can be a brick-and-mortar business or a strictly online business.…”

Section: Cryptocurrency Trading and Cryptocurrency Exchangementioning

confidence: 99%

Examination of the Tax Treatment of Cryptocurrency Transactions in Nigeria

Ahmed

2021

alj

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Tax is assessed and paid in the legal tender in which the transaction was conducted. A legal tender is a fiat currency centrally issued by the government through its Central Bank and is legally declared and designated as money to meet all kinds financial obligations including payment of taxes and debts within the boundary of a particular country. However, advancements in technology led to the emergence of virtual medium of payment such as ‘cryptocurrency’ which do not enjoy legal tender status like fiat currency. Over the past decade, there has been an increased number of transactions in Nigeria where cryptocurrency was the means of payment. This raises the question as to how such transactions will be assessed to tax bearing in mind that tax can only be assessed and paid in the currency in which the transaction was conducted. In addition, the virtual nature of cryptocurrency creates opportunities for tax avoidance thereby constituting a serious tax challenge for a developing country such as Nigeria. It therefore becomes necessary to address the taxation of cryptocurrency transactions to prevent tax avoidance that can arise therefrom. This objective of this article is toexamine the nature and the legal status of cryptocurrency. The article will also examine the tax treatment of cryptocurrency in some selected tax jurisdictions as well as the tax challenges posed by cryptocurrency transactions.

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The Terrorist-Criminal Nexus

Cited by 49 publications

References 0 publications

Postdicting violence with sovereign citizen actors: An exploratory test of the TRAP-18.

Postdicting violence with sovereign citizen actors: An exploratory test of the TRAP-18.

International anti-drug policies and corrupt public-private coalitions: perspectives from a criminology of the global south

Examination of the Tax Treatment of Cryptocurrency Transactions in Nigeria

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