The Text and Context of “Enough and as Good”: John Locke as the Foundation of an Environmental Liberalism

Liebell, Susan P.

doi:10.1057/pol.2010.28

Cited by 18 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Such a unit represents the minimum fraction of nature that must be exploited, despite the environmental risks, in order for the initial investment to be profitable [37]. On the other hand, Liebell argues that Lockean theory can help found a sensitive and effective ecological liberalism because it asserts and limits individual rights by establishing rules of fairness that prohibit the waste and plunder of natural resources [38].…”

Section: Applying the Lockean Provisomentioning

confidence: 99%

The Lockean Proviso and Orbital Sustainability—An Anthropological View

Mocrei-Rebrean

2022

Sustainability

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Over the last decades, we have witnessed the gradual commercialization of the Earth orbit. The exponential development of private space activities makes this distant natural field, with the overcoming of technological difficulties, more and more hospitable to free initiative and entrepreneurship. However, the orbital space is considered global commons. Through the imaginary case method, we intend to ponder on possible ways to legally regulate the exploitation of the orbital space, namely the application of Pigouvian taxes, on the sustainability of the orbital environment, through ethical considerations originating from the application of the Lockean proviso. Although they are designed to cover the damage caused by that particular polluting activity, which is difficult to estimate and, in our case, almost impossible to quantify in the long run, the Pigouvian taxes are the result of a proactive logic. The tension between civilization and nature turns the world outside the Earth into a wilderness destined for humanization, another area of exercise of the liberal self. Non-legal reasons for the sustainability of the orbital environment may arise from observing the Lockean principle of fair ownership. Between the prohibition of an unreasonable destruction of nature’s goods and the equitable access to extra-terrestrial resources, the human desire for appropriation updates the proviso destined for the colonization of America in the twenty-first century. Given that there are currently no plans to clean the technological waste in orbit, adopting the conservation of the orbital environment as an ethical principle could help to formulate a more environmentally responsible liberalism, as part of a long-term agenda of exploitation in the vicinity of our planet.

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Section: Applying the Lockean Provisomentioning

confidence: 99%

The Lockean Proviso and Orbital Sustainability—An Anthropological View

Mocrei-Rebrean

2022

Sustainability

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“…Denne retten er imidlertid begrenset av to viktige premisser: 1) Det må vaere nok igjen til andre, den såkalte «enough and as good»-betingelsen, og 2) ingen må ta mer enn det man trenger, dvs. man skal bare tilegne seg det man kan bruke (Libell, 2011;Locke, 1690Locke, /2014. Ingen har rett til opphopning av ressurser som vil gå til spille før de blir brukt.…”

Section: Grenser For Bruk = Grenser For Vekst?unclassified

Rovviltforvaltning og reindriftsnæringen: Hvordan kan en todelt målsetting praktiseres i samsvar med internasjonale konvensjoner?

Eilertsen¹,

Riseth²

2021

Utmark I Endring

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In Norway, both reindeer herders and sheep farmers base their meat production on natural outfield (utmark) pastures during the summer. In winter, most of the sheep are housed and fed indoors, while the reindeer survive on outfield pastures the whole year. During the last few decades, the losses of both sheep and reindeer to protected carnivores has increased in several areas in Norway. In this article, we focus on reindeer herding in the Troms and Nordland reindeer grazing area (reinbeiteområde). Due to large losses of reindeer calves, during the period from their birth in spring until late autumn, several reindeer herding districts hardly have any animals for slaughter. This has a very negative impact on both the economy and the cultural way of life. This article also discusses the reasons why it is difficult to document/prove who or what is responsible for the losses of reindeer calves. It is difficult to get permission to cull extra-active predators if the politically determined quota in each management region is not fulfilled. Documenting the correct number of predators inside each management region is therefore very important for reindeer herding and sheep farming. This has led to criticism and demonstrations by reindeer herders and sheep farmers. Norwegian predator policy formally builds on differentiated management. However, external review reveals that the management model builds on erroneous assumptions. Further, international law also requires that the burden created by predators does not unduly affect indigenous culture. The authors conclude that there is a need for extensive reforms in predator management in Norway.

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“…Without abundance, problems of distributive justice quickly arise, as goods can no longer be claimed from nature, but must be redistributed if new people, or people previously without property, are to have any. In addition to this, however, he did provide a second Lockean proviso which states that individuals can only appropriate goods insofar as there is "enough, and as good", left for others (Locke, 1969;Liebell 2011). I return to this proviso in the discussion of sustainability and scientific conservationism.…”

Section: Property and Naturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…As Wilson (2016) states, Locke is a popular object of environmental political theory criticism, but he also has defenders (Liebell, 2011). The increased attention to the environmental ethics inherent in Locke's philosophy is by Mousie (2019) referred to as the environmental turn in Locke scholarship.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The limits of a Lockean Environmentalism: God, Human Beings, and Nature in Locke's philosophy

Sætra¹

2020

Barataria

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God gave man the Earth, to use and enjoy. So says the Bible, and so says John Locke (1632-1704). The individualism and liberalism in Locke’s philosophy makes it decidedly modern and appealing to us today. However, he often uses God as a source of truth and premises in his arguments. This undermines the modern appearance and leaves us with a philosophy that is at times contradictory, at times brilliant, and at all times fixed to the anthropocentric rail that guides his philosophy. From an environmental ethics perspective, I show how Locke's men, combined with his philosophy of nature, is prone to create long-term instability, particularly in terms of environmental degradation. Combatting this, and enforcing long-term considerations, thus becomes one of the main missions of government.

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The Text and Context of “Enough and as Good”: John Locke as the Foundation of an Environmental Liberalism

Cited by 18 publications

References 30 publications

The Lockean Proviso and Orbital Sustainability—An Anthropological View

The Lockean Proviso and Orbital Sustainability—An Anthropological View

Rovviltforvaltning og reindriftsnæringen: Hvordan kan en todelt målsetting praktiseres i samsvar med internasjonale konvensjoner?

The limits of a Lockean Environmentalism: God, Human Beings, and Nature in Locke's philosophy

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