The Therapeutic Effects and Mechanisms of Salidroside on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases: An Updated Review

Abstract

The increasing incidence of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases has severely affected global human health and life safety. In recent years, some effective drugs with remarkable curative effects and few side effects found in natural compounds have attracted attention. Salidroside (SAL), a phenylpropane glycoside, is the main active ingredient of the plateau plant Rhodiola. So far, many animal experiments proved that SAL has good biological activity against some metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. However, most of these reports are scattered. This review systematically summarizes the pharmacological progress of SAL in the treatment of several metabolic (e. g., diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) and cardiovascular (e. g., atherosclerosis) diseases in a timely manner to promote the clinical application and basic research of SAL. Accumulating evidence proves that SAL has beneficial effects on these diseases. It can improve glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and β-cell and liver functions, and inhibit adipogenesis, inflammation and oxidative stress. Overall, SAL may be a valuable and potential drug candidate for the treatment of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. However, more studies especially clinical trials are needed to further confirm its therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms.

Salidroside alleviates hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury during liver transplant in rat through regulating TLR-4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammatory pathway

“…Salidroside, a compound extracted from various Rhodiola plants, is widely used in treatment of ischemia stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, and cardiovascular diseases 14 , 15 . Recent data has shown that salidroside exerts a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as anti-hypoxia, anti-inflammation and antioxidant activity 16 , 17 .…”

Salidroside Ameliorated Intermittent Hypoxia-Aggravated Endothelial Barrier Disruption and Atherosclerosis via the cAMP/PKA/RhoA Signaling Pathway

“…Salidroside is a typical pharmacological constituent found in medicinal plants under the Rhodiola genus. In addition to their anti-fatigue and anti-hypoxia roles in traditional medicine, Rhodiola extract, and salidroside also displayed medicinal properties as anti-cardiovascular diseases agents, which was mainly attributed to their antioxidant effects (Li et al, 2017;Zhao et al, 2021). Rhodiola crenulata exerts protective effects on hypoxia/high glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction and CIHinduced cardiac apoptosis (Lai et al, 2015;Chang et al, 2018;Huang et al, 2020).…”

NLRP3-Mediated Inflammation in Atherosclerosis and Associated Therapeutics

“…Salidroside (SAL), a phenylpropane glycoside, is the main effective ingredient of the plateau plant Rhodiola. Until now, several in vivo investigations showed the positive effect of SAL in AS treatment ( Zhao C. C. et al, 2021 ). However, little is known of its mechanism in regulation of NIRP3 inflammasome.…”