“…Compared with synchronous motors, vernier motors possess the benefits of high torque and low speed [1,2,3,4]. Therefore, PMVM is more suitable for electric vehicle hub motor [5,6,7]. Due to the compact structure of the hub motor and the unsmooth internal air circulation, the heat generated by the motor loss cannot be effectively distributed during the operation of the electric vehicle, resulting in an overall increase in the motor temperature [8,9,10,11,12].…”