The thermal equilibrium shape and size of holes in solids

New Aspects of Crystal Growth of Solid 4He Studied by Acoustic Wave

“…The equilibrium shape or roughening transitions should be more rigorously studied in negative crystals. 35) To date, equilibrium forms of negative crystals have been observed in diphenyl crystals 36) and ice; 37,38) in such cases, the inclusions are all gases or vacuum. Here, we describe a superfluid inclusion inside a solid 4 He single crystal.…”

Transmission electron microscope study of fusion-environment radiation damage in iron and iron-chromium alloys

“…Impurities have been shown to affect cavity shape. For example, in fee copper, bubbles with {100} and {110} facets are reported for "clean" foils while bubbles with {ill} and {100} facets develop in regions exposed to oxygen [131], This is consistent with preferential absorption of oxygen on the {ill} and {100} planes in copper. In the current study, measurements of the surface energy ratio, Y{III}/Y{IOO} ' ^^°^ the cavity geometry in the Fe-10% Cr specimens, indicated that T{iii} = 0.77 Y{ioo}' '^^^^ observation of no {110} facets suggests that y{HQ} is greater than both ^{111} ^'^^ ^{100}-Thus Y{iii} < Y{ioo} < ^{110} -exactly the opposite of the expected surface energy relationship.…”

“…This shape is derived from a Wolff construction. In bcc materials, the expected surface energy relationship for the low-index planes is y{HQ} < "^{100} < Y{iii}« This surface energy relationship has been found, for example, in molybdenum [131] . The expected and commonly observed morphology in bcc materials Is a truncated 12-faced polyhedron with {110} facets and {100} truncations.…”

Etch pitting and subsurface pore growth during the thermal etching of silver

“…This is not relevant in our case, although the impact of oxygen in the nucleation and growth of subsurface pores has been confirmed by heat treatment experiments identical to those presented in this letter, but with an inert atmosphere (atmospheric argon). Finally, it can be noted that faceted voids in solids have already been studied both theoretically and experimentally by Nelson et al [26]: sub-micron bubbles were observed in metal foils previously bombarded with inert gases and then heated.…”