The Thermophilic Aerobic Sporeforming Bacteria

Allen, Mary

doi:10.1128/mmbr.17.2.125-173.1953

Cited by 123 publications

(40 citation statements)

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“…Spore forming bacteria, especially thermophiles, are usually very exacting in their nutritional requirements for growth (1). Yet these studies show that the spores can germinate, as defined by loss of heat resistance, in environments unfavorable for the growth of the vegetative cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SPORE GERMINATION. I. ACTIVATORS^a,^b,

Heiligman

Desrosier

Broumand

1956

Journal of Food Science

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The recent physiological studies of Hills (3) and Powell (9) have shown that biologically active materials are essential for spore germination. Evidence that the spore needs only a source of energy, such as glucose, has been presented by Knaysi (7). The views that only exogenous energy is stimulatory to the spore germinating processes are not fully substantiated by the work of Hills ( 4 ) and Stewart and Halvorson (12). These workers have presented good evidence that L-alanine is a factor which will initiate spore germination. Undoubtedly species specificity will enter into studies of this nature, as L-alanine has not been shown to function in all of the cases that have been studied.The following studies deal with the effects of naturally occurring materials, particularly those which can be utilized as a carbon source for energy, on the germinating processes. MATERIALS AND METHODSSpore suspensions. Spores of a strain of Bacillus thermoacidurans, F.S. 787, closely in agreement with the description of B. coagulans (Hammer), were used primarily in these studies; however, spores of Bacillus globigii and Putrefactive Anaerobe No. 3679' were included in some of the experiments in order to determine if the results were characteristic of one or more species. The cell suspensions were prepared as described in a previous report of Heiligman et aE. (2). Ultra-sonic radiation (approximately 102 watts for 5 minutes) was used in preparing the vegetative-cell-free spore suspensions. The concentration of the spores was kept constant (approximately 20,000 per ml.) so as to eliminate any effects due to this factor. Criterion of germination. As suggested by Wynne and Foster (13, 14) spores which had lost their resistance to heat were considered as having germinated. Quantitative results were based on the difference, calculated in percent, in the number of viable cells in an aliquot after a germination incubation treatment as compared to the viable cell count of a similar aliquot after it had been heated a t 100°C. for one minute. The former count represents the total count of all the viable cells, both those which had and those which had not lost their resistance to heat; the latter represents a count of the residual viable spores. The difference between these counts, then, would be the number of spores which had lost their resistance to heat as a result of the incubation germination treatment.Treatment of spores. The spores were added aseptically to sterile solutions of the materials. These suspensions were given a germination incubation a t the desired temperature and aliquots for counting were taken periodically. The germination incubation temperature, except for some preliminary studies on B. thermoacidurans, was 50°C. f o r this organism, and 37°C. for B. globigii and P.A. 3679. Since P.A. 3679 is an anaerobe a

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SPORE GERMINATION. I. ACTIVATORS^a,^b,

Heiligman

Desrosier

Broumand

1956

Journal of Food Science

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“…Table 3. Minimal chemically defined media for supporting exponential growth of Bucihs steurothermophilus to optical density of 1.0 at 420 nm of culture aeration affects the nutritional requirements of a bacterium, Oxygen is known to be one-half soluble at 55°C compared to 30°C (Allen 1953). The effect of temperature on the nutritional requirements of thermophilic species has also been reported.…”

Section: B Stearotherrnophilusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defined minimal media for the growth of prototrophic and auxotrophic strains of Bacillus stearothermophilus

Lee

Brown

Cheung

1982

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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Minimal chemically defined media for Bacillus stearothermophilus were developed at 60°C and quantitative requirements for each nutrient were determined. A prototrophic strain of B. stearothermophilus was grown in medium containing only glucose and mineral salts whereas auxotrophic strains in addition required biotin, thiamine, nicotinic acid and DL‐methionine. Metabolic interaction between L‐valine and L‐leucine was observed with auxotrophic organisms. The presence of L‐leucine in minimal medium necessitated the addition of L‐valine. Growth took place in the absence of both amino acids.

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“…-Thermophilic bacilli are taxonomically a quite heterogenic group of organisms that have in common the ability to form spores and to live at moderately high temperature. Their natural habitats are preferably thermophilic environments like hot springs, solfataras and geothermally heated areas, but also mesophilic areas such as soils, compost piles and sewage digesters might be successful sampling sites (ALLEN 1953, SHARP et al 1991.In the literature a total of 20 species of thermophilic bacilli are reported but only some of them were extensively characterized (SHARP et al 1991). In general, most of the isolates were investigated for temperature optimum, NaCl tolerance, pH optimum, G + C%, enzyme production and substrate utilization; glucose, fructose and sucrose were the favourite substrates for all species with the only exception of B. thermocloaceae that was originally isolated from sewage sludge (DEMHARTER and HENSEL 1989).…”

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Ecological and physiological studies on thermophilic bacilli from sulfataric hot springs of central Italy

Canganella

Trovatelli

1995

J. Basic Microbiol.

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Hot springs located in a geothermal area of central Italy were investigated with respect to the total number of thermophilic microorganisms as well as to the presence of amylolytic and pullulolytic bacteria. A number of motile thermophilic spore-forming bacteria were isolated from different sites. The aerobic organisms grew optimally at 60-65 "C on yeast extract-trypticase and/or xylose-starch supplemented mineral medium and spores were mostly observed on agar plates after prolonged incubation. According to the results based on phenotypic characterization, G+C% and lipid analyses all the aerobic isolates belong to the genus Bacillus and are characterized by an unusual G + C content ranging between 33.4-338.8. A limited number of anaerobic organisms were also isolated and investigated for the presence of amylolytic and pullulolytic activity. According to physiological tests these isolates were identified as Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum; when grown on starch, they produced thermostable a-amylases, pullulanases and a-glucosidases.The interest in thermophiles in recent years has been due mainly to the discovery of new "extreme" habitats and new extremely thermophilic archaea, some of which can grow at 100 "C and even above (COWAN 1992, SEGERER et al. 1993. A closely related aspect of the large number of taxonomic and ecological studies is the potential application of thermophilic bacteria as a source of thermostable enzymes (SHARP et al. 1992, WIEGEL 1992, CANCANELLA and WIEGEL 1993. The ecology of thermophilic bacteria is in many respects more complex than that of thermophilic archaea since there is more diversity regarding both metabolism and habitats. -Thermophilic bacilli are taxonomically a quite heterogenic group of organisms that have in common the ability to form spores and to live at moderately high temperature. Their natural habitats are preferably thermophilic environments like hot springs, solfataras and geothermally heated areas, but also mesophilic areas such as soils, compost piles and sewage digesters might be successful sampling sites (ALLEN 1953, SHARP et al. 1991.In the literature a total of 20 species of thermophilic bacilli are reported but only some of them were extensively characterized (SHARP et al. 1991). In general, most of the isolates were investigated for temperature optimum, NaCl tolerance, pH optimum, G + C%, enzyme production and substrate utilization; glucose, fructose and sucrose were the favourite substrates for all species with the only exception of B. thermocloaceae that was originally isolated from sewage sludge (DEMHARTER and HENSEL 1989). Regarding the G + C content, eight species are reported to have values higher than 50 mol% whereas only one (B. smithii) has a G + C content lower than 40 mol%. One thermoacidophilic sporeformer described as Bacillus tusciae was isolated by BONJOUR and ARAGNO (1984) from the solfatara of S. Federigo, province of Grosseto (Tuscany, Italy) but the characteristics of this site are quite different from the habitat investigated here.The abili...

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The Thermophilic Aerobic Sporeforming Bacteria

Cited by 123 publications

References 57 publications

SPORE GERMINATION. I. ACTIVATORS^a,^b,

SPORE GERMINATION. I. ACTIVATORS^a,^b,

Defined minimal media for the growth of prototrophic and auxotrophic strains of Bacillus stearothermophilus

Ecological and physiological studies on thermophilic bacilli from sulfataric hot springs of central Italy

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The Thermophilic Aerobic Sporeforming Bacteria

Cited by 123 publications

References 57 publications

SPORE GERMINATION. I. ACTIVATORSa,b,

SPORE GERMINATION. I. ACTIVATORSa,b,

Defined minimal media for the growth of prototrophic and auxotrophic strains of Bacillus stearothermophilus

Ecological and physiological studies on thermophilic bacilli from sulfataric hot springs of central Italy

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

SPORE GERMINATION. I. ACTIVATORS^a,^b,

SPORE GERMINATION. I. ACTIVATORS^a,^b,