The Thickness of Adsorbed Vapor Films

Frazer, J. C. W.; Patrick, W. A.; Smith, Howard E.

doi:10.1021/j150276a009

Cited by 27 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…For example, the amount of adsorption on a freshly blown glass bulb does not exceed a monolayer; however, after a first cycle of adsorption and desorption the amount of adsorption increases (Frazer, Patrick, and Smith, 1927). It appears that the nature of the surface is altered by the presence of the first adsorbed monolayer.…”

Section: Thickness Of Adsorbed Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metamorphic Reactions and Metamorphic Facies

Fyfe¹,

Turner²,

Verhoogen³

1958

Geological Society of America Memoirs

232

111

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This book presents a detailed discussion of a few selected topics in metamorphism. Chapter I (Turner) is a historical account of the development of the facies concept. A new definition of metamorphic facies is formulated.Chapters II to IV (Fyfe and Verhoogen), each of which ends with a summary in nontechnical language, deal respectively with certain thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of metamorphic-reactions. In Chapter II, the authors consider successively the magnitude of the free energy of metamorphic reactions, methods for computing approximate values of the entropies of silicates, a definition of the pressure variables in metamorphism, the role of surface films, and structural aspects of metamorphic mineralogy. The conclusion of Chapter III, which is devoted to a study of kinetics, is that reaction rates in systems containing water are generally such as not to lead to difficulties or inconsistencies in the interpretation of metamorphic facies. The role of water in metamorphic reactions is stressed again. This leads to a closer study of systems containing water, which are discussed in Chapter IV. Some properties of water are evaluated, such as its dielectric constant and ionic product, at high pressures and temperatures. A model is set up by which thermodynamic functions for hydration-dehydration reactions can be evaluated. There follows a discussion of solubility in aqueous systems and of variations of pH under natural conditions. _ In Chapter V, Fyfe and Turner correlate field and experimental data on the stability of critical mineral assemblages in metamorphic rocks. They conclude that there are at present no major inconsistencies between field and experimental data. Metamorphic facies, defined by mineralogical and field criteria, can still be interpreted in terms of a few intensive physical variables.The role of water and heat in metamorphism is considered in Chapter VI (Fyfe and Verhoogen). Regional metamorphism is not a normal phenomenon, in the sense that it would occur wherever rocks are buried to sufficient depth. On the contrary, it appears that regional metamorphism can occur only where the heat flow is notably increased and where water, probably of juvenile origin, is abundant.Chapter VII (Turner) is a revision of individual metamorphic facies. In the light of new experimental and mineralogical data the limits of some facies and subfacies are redefined, and a few new divisions are proposed.

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Section: Thickness Of Adsorbed Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metamorphic Reactions and Metamorphic Facies

Fyfe¹,

Turner²,

Verhoogen³

1958

Geological Society of America Memoirs

232

111

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“…The geometrical area was 0.34 m'/g, the area given by adsorption on once-cleaned beads was 0.53, and that of twi'ce-cleaned beads 0.75 m'/g. Frazer, Patrick, and Smith (18) found no measurable adsorption of toluene (their experiments were not sensitive enough to detect a monolayer) on fire-polished glass surface, but they found considerable adsorption on glass washed with acids. This enhancement of adsorption is attributed to the silica gel formed on the surface by acid.…”

Section: Methods Of Measurementmentioning

confidence: 96%

Surface Roughness and Sliding Friction

Bikerman¹

1944

Rev. Mod. Phys.

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“…I t was the introduction of the porous disk and the principle of the adjustable hydrostatic drag by Frazer & Patrick (1927) which made it possible to use the isothermal still as a practical alternative to the classical osmometer for molecularweight determination. The latter requires a carefully prepared and truly semipermeable membrane, and for some solutions of long straight-chain polymers it is impossible to achieve complete retention of the solute without reducing the rate of passage of solvent through the membrane to negligible values.…”

Section: P Rinciples Of the Porous-disk Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When these conditions are fulfilled and the pore size of the disk is sufficiently small, the tension or ' hydrostatic drag ' on the solvent can be increased to a value which balances the osmotic pressure of the solution, and at this point the net rate of distillation of solvent between the two liquid phases becomes zero. I t was the introduction of the porous disk and the principle of the adjustable hydrostatic drag by Frazer & Patrick (1927) which made it possible to use the isothermal still as a practical alternative to the classical osmometer for molecularweight determination. The latter requires a carefully prepared and truly semipermeable membrane, and for some solutions of long straight-chain polymers it is impossible to achieve complete retention of the solute without reducing the rate of passage of solvent through the membrane to negligible values.…”

Section: P Rinciples Of the Porous-disk Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mechanism of isothermal distillation in the porous-disk osmometer

Williamson¹

1948

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A

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This paper describes the theoretical investigations which have been made in an effort to clarify several well-established but unexplained observations by previous workers who have carried out experiments by the unusual osmotic-pressure technique known as isothermal distillation. The treatment is essentially thermodynamic, and leads to the derivation of equations which agree with the accumulated experimental evidence while showing how substantial improvements in performance can be achieved by designing the apparatus in accordance with the guidance given by the theoretical study. One of the derived equations stresses the importance of good thermal conduction between the solvent and solution inside the stillhead, while another gives a quantitative relationship between thermostat temperature fluctuations and osmoticpressure errors. A description is then given of the essential features of the experimental apparatus which has been built for the application of these theoretical advances to the measurement of the molecular weights of high polymers.

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The Thickness of Adsorbed Vapor Films

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Metamorphic Reactions and Metamorphic Facies

Metamorphic Reactions and Metamorphic Facies

Surface Roughness and Sliding Friction

The mechanism of isothermal distillation in the porous-disk osmometer

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