The Three Sisters: Transsexual Male Siblings

Sabalis, Robert F.; Frances, Allen; Appenzeller, Susan N.; Moseley, Willie B.

doi:10.1176/ajp.131.8.907

Cited by 24 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The present case series adds nine cases of MF transsexual siblings to the seven already reported in the literature (Ball, 1981;Green, 2000;Hore et al, 1973;Sabalis et al, 1974; MF male-to-female transsexual, FM female-to-male transsexual; Surgeries performed: BRE breast implant, FAC facial plastic surgery, MAS mastectomy, ORQ orchiectomy, VAG vaginoplasty a Report = information obtained by the transsexual proband or family b Started taking hormones on their own without prescription c Shared mother 2 Data on siblings of FM probands were not compared, since only one familial case has been described.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Nevertheless, to our knowledge, no familial studies on transsexualism have been carried out and only several small series involving non-twin siblings have been published. There are reports of seven pairs of male-to-female (MF) (Ball, 1981;Green, 2000;Hore, Nicolle, & Calnan, 1973;Sabalis, Frances, Appenzeller, & Moseley, 1974;Stoller & Baker, 1973), two pairs of female-to-male (FM) (Green, 2000;Joyce & Ding, 1985), and one pair of MF-FM transsexual non-twin siblings (Green, 2000). The only published study of transsexual siblings or family members from a large sample (1,500 patients) was by Green (2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Familiality of Gender Identity Disorder in Non-Twin Siblings

et al. 2009

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Familial studies and reports of co-occurrence of gender identity disorder (GID) within a family may help to clarify the question of whether transsexualism is a familial phenomenon. In a sample of 995 consecutive transsexual probands (677 male-to-female [MF] and 318 female-to-male [FM]), we report 12 pairs of transsexual non-twin siblings (nine pairs of MF siblings, two pairs of MF-FM siblings, and one pair of FM siblings). The present study doubles the number of case reports of co-occurrence of transsexualism in non-twin siblings available in the literature. According to our data, the probability that a sibling of a transsexual will also be transsexual was 4.48 times higher for siblings of MF than for siblings of FM transsexual probands, and 3.88 times higher for the brothers than for the sisters of transsexual probands. Moreover, the prevalence of transsexualism in siblings of transsexuals (1/211 siblings) was much higher than the range expected according to the prevalence data of transsexualism in Spain. The study suggests that siblings of transsexuals may have a higher risk of being transsexual than the general population, and that the risk is higher for brothers than sisters of transsexuals, and for siblings of MF than FM transsexuals. Nevertheless, the risk is low.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Familiality of Gender Identity Disorder in Non-Twin Siblings

et al. 2009

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“…Other identical twins [McKee et al, 1976;Hyde and Kenna, 19771 and siblings [Sabalis et al, 1974;Joyce and Ding, 19851 concordant for transsexualism have been reported, suggesting a role of familial factors. Some transsexuals with chromosome abnormalities have been described [James et al, 1972;Rainer, 1971;Wagner, 19741. A genetic deficiency of 21 hydroxylase has been implicated in female homosexuality and a deficiency of 3 beta-ol hydrosteroid dehydrogenase has been implicated in male to female transsexualism [Dorner et al, 19911.…”

Section: Transvestitism-transsexualismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of genetic factors in human sexual behavior based on studies of tourette syndrome and ADHD probands and their relatives

Comings

1994

Am. J. Med. Genet.

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Most significant variations in the expression of human sexuality are considered to be the result of learned behavior or psychological problems. Tourette syndrome (TS) is a common, hereditary tic and disinhibition disorder sometimes associated with compulsive use of obscene words (coprolalia) and previously reported to be occasionally associated with exhibitionism. To further explore the relationship between the Gts genes and sexual behavior, questions concerning a wide range of such behaviors were administered to 1,040 subjects, 14 years of age or older, consisting of 358 TS probands, 101 non-proband relatives with TS, 359 non-TS first degree relatives, 79 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) probands, 70 unaffected relatives of the ADHD probands, and 73 controls. The behaviors included magnitude of sex drive, sex orientation, exhibitionism, transvestitism, transsexualism, sadism, masochism, pedophilia, fetishism, aversion to being touched, and aversion to sex. While most of these behaviors occurred in a distinct minority of TS subjects, there was a significant positive correlation between each behavior examined and the degree of genetic loading for the Gts gene(s). The nature of these behaviors and their association with TS suggests many are variants of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Studies in animals indicate that changes in serotonin and dopamine play a significant role in the sexual behavior and many lines of evidence are consistent with the hypothesis that TS is due to genetic changes in serotonin and dopamine metabolism. These studies suggest that genetic factors play a much greater role in a wide range of forms of sexual expression than previously thought.

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“…Given the current controversy about the psychopathology of homosexuality, the literature consisting of attempts to change the sexual orientation of exclusively homosexual populations was not included in the present review (e.g., Bancroft, 1969), although studies which included homosexual subjects with an identifiable sexual variation (e.g., pedophilia) were included (e.g., Hallam & Rachman, 1972;Kohlenberg, 1974). Treatment studies which used exclusively transsexual populations were excluded (e.g., Sabalis, Frances, Appenzeller, & Moseley, 1974;Sabalis, Staton, & Appenzeller, 1977), since transsexualism has recently gained greater public acceptance and is not considered a crime. However, those studies which included subjects who were not clearly diagnosed transsexual and who engaged in other variant behavior, such as transvestism (Marks, Gelder, & Bancroft, 1970), were included.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The treatment of sexual paraphilias: A review of the outcome research

Kilmann

Sabalis

Gearing³

et al. 1982

The Journal of Sex Research

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Studies which investigate the impact of treatment on subjects with singular and multiple sexual paraphilias (exhibitionism, fetishism, pedophilia, transvestism, voyeurism) are reviewed. A methodological evaluation was conducted with attention to six categories: design, subjects, therapists, treatment, time periods, and outcome measures. Subjects included sexual offenders and non-offenders. Most of the studies were single-case reports. The methodological shortcomings in the literature included the failure to control for social desirability factors, especially in the case of sex offenders, and the reliance upon verbal selfreports in the evaluation of outcome. Almost all of the studies found positive treatment effects, either immediately after treatment or at various follow-up periods. However, periodic booster treatment sessions sometimes were necessary with paraphilias of long duration. Across the paraphilias reviewed, the literature offered tentative support for the efficacy of a multiple behavioral treatment package specifically tailored to aspects of the patient's sexual arousal pattern. The elimination of variant sexual responses in conjunction with fostering appropriate, nonvariant sexual behavior is a relevant treatment strategy in some cases. Future research should use homogeneous experimental and control subjects, obtain a pre-therapy assessment of sexual and social functioning, specify treatment goals, and use multiple outcome measures. The importance of specifying subject variables for the goal of successful subjecttreatment matches is also suggested. As a step in that direction, a checklist which noted the psychological and situational correlates of the five predominant sexual paraphilias was derived from the literature.

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The Three Sisters: Transsexual Male Siblings

Cited by 24 publications

References 7 publications

Familiality of Gender Identity Disorder in Non-Twin Siblings

Familiality of Gender Identity Disorder in Non-Twin Siblings

Role of genetic factors in human sexual behavior based on studies of tourette syndrome and ADHD probands and their relatives

The treatment of sexual paraphilias: A review of the outcome research

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