The Threshold of Sleep: Perception of Sleep as a Function of Time Asleep and Auditory Threshold

Bonnet, Michael H.; Moore, Sarah E. H.

doi:10.1093/sleep/5.3.267

Cited by 107 publications

(72 citation statements)

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“…In addition to this challenge, our results reveal that extensive cortical territories remain activated for several minutes after the thalamic deactivation at sleep onset, a situation that may be propitious to the development of hypnagogic experiences so common during the wake-sleep transition (40,41). In addition, the errors in self-reported sleep latency which commonly is overestimated by several minutes with respect to the objective (polysomnographic) sleep onset (42,43), might result from these persistent and topographically heterogeneous cortical activities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Thalamic deactivation at sleep onset precedes that of the cerebral cortex in humans

Magnin

Rey

Bastuji

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

197

147

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Thalamic and cortical activities are assumed to be time-locked throughout all vigilance states. Using simultaneous intracortical and intrathalamic recordings, we demonstrate here that the thalamic deactivation occurring at sleep onset most often precedes that of the cortex by several minutes, whereas reactivation of both structures during awakening is synchronized. Delays between thalamus and cortex deactivations can vary from one subject to another when a similar cortical region is considered. In addition, heterogeneity in activity levels throughout the cortical mantle is larger than previously thought during the descent into sleep. Thus, asynchronous thalamocortical deactivation while falling asleep probably explains the production of hypnagogic hallucinations by a still-activated cortex and the common self-overestimation of the time needed to fall asleep.A bundant electrophysiological and functional imaging data have revealed that sleep-related brain activity is not the result of a global deactivation of cerebral structures but rather is a multifocal process associated with local changes in brain activities (1-10). Examples of such functional heterogeneities are, among others, the fronto-occipital gradient in cortical activity during sleep (1, 2), the preponderant fronto-parietal localization of sleep spindles (3, 4), and interhemispheric imbalanced activity (5, 6). So far, very few studies have addressed the time course of these regional differences during transitions between vigilance states (11)(12)(13)(14), and most of these studies were based on scalp recordings performed during stable periods of wakefulness or sleep. Although reports that favor some asynchrony of sleep-onset activity between the different cortical areas are accumulating, there still is a firm belief that thalamic and cortical activities are tightly coupled, at both the cellular and integrative level, during wakefulness and sleep (15)(16)(17)(18). Recent intracranial data in humans, however, indicate that, during both paradoxical (rapid eye movement) sleep and sleep stage 2, thalamic and cortical activities may alternate periods of coupling and decoupling (19,20). In this context, the question is whether the dynamics of the neuronal deactivation that characterizes the transition from wakefulness to sleep is identical in thalamus and cortex, or, conversely, whether transient decoupling may occur at this transition time that would suggest different sleep-onset timing in these two structures. The opportunity to record thalamic and cortical activities simultaneously in epileptic patients chronically implanted with intracerebral electrodes allowed us to address this issue. In contrast to the generally accepted view that thalamic and cortical activities are tightly locked along the different vigilance states, we found that the thalamic activity most often decreased to sleep levels several minutes before the cortical activity started to abate. This finding suggests that the cortex remains neurophysiologically awake but decoupled from thalamic i...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Thalamic deactivation at sleep onset precedes that of the cerebral cortex in humans

Magnin

Rey

Bastuji

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

197

147

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…During the sleep onset period there is gradually decreased responsiveness to environmental stimuli as assessed by either reaction time or the stimulus intensity needed to elicit a response (Bonnet and Moore, 1982;Ogilvie and Wilkinson, 1984). More recently a standardized measure of behavioral responsiveness to light flashes, the Oxford sleep resistance (OSleR) test, has been used (Bennett et al, 1997) and does correlate strongly with the EEG-based maintenance of wakefulness test (see below) (Krieger et al, 2004).…”

Section: Responsivenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subjects are often still able to respond and may, in fact, not report being asleep when awakened from stage 1 or even stage 2 sleep (Ogilvie and Wilkinson, 1984). In one study, 25% of subjects awakened from clear stage 2 sleep reported they had been awake (Hori, 1994) while another study reported the threshold of subjective sleep (50% reporting being asleep) was 2-4 min after stage 2 onset (Bonnet and Moore, 1982). Also, self-reports of sleep may be altered in clinical situations: insomniacs were more likely to report themselves as awake when actually awoken from stage 2 sleep than controls (Moore et al, 1981).…”

Section: Subjective Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement

Oken

Salinsky

Elsas

2006

Clinical Neurophysiology

678

463

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Vigilance is a term with varied definitions but the most common usage is sustained attention or tonic alertness. This usage of vigilance implies both the degree of arousal on the sleep-wake axis and the level of cognitive performance. There are many interacting neural and neurotransmitter systems that affect vigilance. Most studies of vigilance have relied on states where the sleep-wake state is altered, e.g. drowsiness, sleep-deprivation, and CNS-active drugs, but there are factors ranging from psychophysics to motivation that may impact vigilance. While EEG is the most commonly studied physiologic measure of vigilance, various measures of eye movement and of autonomic nervous system activity have also been used. This review paper discusses the underlying neural basis of vigilance and its assessment using physiologic tools. Since, assessment of vigilance requires assessment of cognitive function this aspect is also discussed.

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“…External changes may cause various psychological stimulations that influence autonomic functions; therefore, ANS activities are often variable, making it difficult to determine a stable index. On the contrary, the brain mainly manages reflective information from the body during sleep and is less interrupted by the external information 44 ; the experimental results during sleep may be more related to body conditions. Because sleep-related pathological changes may be subtle and prone to influence by the conscious state, using a technique that does not interfere with sleep is the basic requirement to study these changes.…”

Section: Map and Rr During Aw Qs And Ps In Wky And Shrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep-Related Changes in Cardiovascular Neural Regulation in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Kuo

Yang

2005

Circulation

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Background-Sleep has significant effects on cardiovascular neural regulation. The aim of this study is to explore the possible change in sympathetic vasomotor activity and baroreflex sensitivity associated with spontaneous hypertension during each stage of the sleep-wake cycle. Methods and Results-Polysomnographic analysis was performed in freely moving spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) during their normal daytime sleep. Continuous spectral analyses of electroencephalogram and electromyogram were performed to define active waking, quiet sleep, and paradoxical sleep. Low-frequency power of the arterial pressure variability (BLF) was quantified to provide an index of sympathetic vasomotor activity. Spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity was assessed (1) by the slopes of the regression lines of the mean arterial pressure and R-R intervals pairs that ascended (BrrA) or descended (BrrD) successively and (2)

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The Threshold of Sleep: Perception of Sleep as a Function of Time Asleep and Auditory Threshold

Cited by 107 publications

References 0 publications

Thalamic deactivation at sleep onset precedes that of the cerebral cortex in humans

Thalamic deactivation at sleep onset precedes that of the cerebral cortex in humans

Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement

Sleep-Related Changes in Cardiovascular Neural Regulation in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

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