“…In doing so, we include a variable controlling for client size (FirmSize) in Model 1, as prior research has shown that auditors act more conservatively when auditing larger clients (e.g., Reynolds & Francis, 2000). Furthermore, we add variables that control for financial condition (Loss t-1 , CFO, and Leverage) and growth (SalesGrowth, PPEGrowth, and BTM) to the model, as highgrowth companies and companies that are in a weak financial condition are more likely to manage earnings to a greater extent (Matsumoto, 2002;Poitras, Wilkins, & Kwan, 2002). Finally, we also include a variable capturing the issuance of equity (Issuance) in our audit quality model.…”