“…Family socioeconomic status has been positively associated with the age of labor force entry, first marriage, and first birth (Marini, 1985). Living in a stepparent or single-parent family also has been positively associated with leaving the home at a younger age (Aquilino, 1991;Buck & Scott, 1993;Cooney & Mortimer, 1999;Smith et al, 2000;Tang, 1997), marrying early (Michael & Tuma, 1985), bearing children early (Wu & Martinson, 1993), and entering the labor force prior to the completion of school (Chen & Kaplan, 1999). Many African American youth who are low income in the United States' poor, urban neighborhoods do not perceive a good future and have substantial adult responsibilities.…”