The titanium/hydrogen system as the solid-state reference in high-temperature proton conductor-based hydrogen sensors

Schwandt, Carsten; Fray, Derek J.

doi:10.1007/s10800-005-9108-5

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The powder mixture was ball-milled in propanol-2 for 24 h, dried, sieved, and calcined at 1,573 K in air for 8 h. The calcined material was milled in propanol-2 for 48 h with additions of 1 mass% of organic binder (80% PVB/20% PVA) and 0.5 mass% of a low molecular weight plasticiser (PEG, M = 200 g mol -1 ), and then dried and sieved. The impregnated powder was compacted into thimbles by isostatic pressing at 135 MPa, and the thimbles were sintered at 1,923 K in air for 8 h. The final electrolyte composition was checked by X-ray diffraction analysis and confirmed to be identical with that used previously [10].…”

Section: Preparation Of Solid Electrolytementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compositions presented earlier [15] were adjusted so as to achieve two glasses, denoted CA860 and CA940, with melting points of approximately 1,133 and 1,213 K, respectively. It has been demonstrated that glasses in this system are suitable for usage in hydrogen because of their high redox stability [10]. The glasses were synthesised from oxide or carbonate powder precursors.…”

Section: Preparation Of Sealing Glassmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…d phase field of the zirconium/hydrogen system superior to that based on the narrow a ? b phase field of the titanium/ hydrogen system described in an earlier study [10].…”

Section: Coulometric Titrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, it has been demonstrated that a mixture of the solid solutions of hydrogen in a-titanium and b-titanium may be applied as the reference electrode in a potentiometric hydrogen sensor employing the CaZr 0.9 In 0.1 O 3-d solid electrolyte [10]. The sensor obeyed the Nernst equation at temperatures of 773-1,073 K over the hydrogen partial pressure range 10-10 5 Pa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The zirconium/hydrogen system as the solid-state reference of a high-temperature proton conductor-based hydrogen sensor

2011

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A new solid-state hydrogen reference electrode has been developed that is based on the two-component two-phase mixture of b-zirconium and d-zirconium hydride, and is suitable for use in conjunction with the high-temperature proton-conducting CaZr 0.9 In 0.1 O 3-d solid electrolyte. Coulometric titration studies have confirmed the presence of a true two-phase plateau, existing over a wide composition range, which may be exploited as a precision thermodynamic buffer for reference hydrogen partial pressure. Cell voltage measurements have demonstrated that potentiometric hydrogen sensors incorporating this reference electrode exhibit Nernstian response over a broad range of temperature and hydrogen partial pressure, as well as excellent thermal cycling and long-term stability. The new solid-state hydrogen reference electrode is of considerable technological relevance and has already found application in a commercialised sensor unit.

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Section: Preparation Of Solid Electrolytementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Preparation Of Sealing Glassmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…d phase field of the zirconium/hydrogen system superior to that based on the narrow a ? b phase field of the titanium/ hydrogen system described in an earlier study [10].…”

Section: Coulometric Titrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The zirconium/hydrogen system as the solid-state reference of a high-temperature proton conductor-based hydrogen sensor

2011

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“…Stability is also a challenge in the development of solidstate reference electrodes for use with proton-conducting electrolytes. For example, Ti þ TiH 2 is used as a reference electrode in hydrogen sensors for use in molten aluminum [125]. Humidity may cause degradation of reference electrodes, but stability can be improved by using mixed oxides, such as La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.78 Ni 0.02-Fe 0.2 O 3 [126].…”

Section: Reference Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Sensors: Fundamentals, Key Materials, and Applications

Fergus

2009

Solid State Electrochemistry I

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Solid electrolytes are well suited for use in chemical sensors for high-temperature applications. The first such sensors followed from the use of solid electrolytes for thermodynamic measurements, and are based on galvanic cells, for which the open circuit voltage is related to the concentration of the mobile ionic species, or to another target species through equilibration at the electrode surface. However, sensors can also be based on nonequilibrium, but steady-state, potentials established between electrochemical reactions at the electrode. Another approach is to use the current passing through the electrolyte, rather than the voltage across the electrolyte, as the sensor signal. In this chapter we first describe the different methods for using solid electrolytes in chemical sensors, and then discuss some of the materials challenges and example applications. IntroductionMore than 50 years ago, Kiukkola and Wagner [1] demonstrated that solid electrolytes couldbeusedingalvaniccellstomeasurethethermodynamicpropertiesofoxides.Those pioneering studies subsequently led to the more practical application of solid electrolytes in chemical sensors. The ionic conduction in solid electrolytes is thermally activated and thus its rate increases with increasing temperature; consequently, solid electrolytes are well suited for high-temperature applications. On the other hand, such temperature dependencealsomeansthatsensorsbasedonsolidelectrolytescanrespondsluggishlyor may be inoperable at low temperatures. However, one of the advantages of solid-state devices, such as those based on solid electrolytes, is that they can be miniaturized [2,3]. Decreasingthedevicedimensionsreducesdiffusionlengths,whichinturndecreasesthe response time and thus also the minimum operating temperature.Ionic conducting solids can be used in a variety of different types of sensor [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Solids forwhichthe ionicconductivity is much largerthanthe electronic conductivity can Solid State Electrochemistry I: Fundamentals, Materials and their Applications. Edited by Vladislav V. Kharton

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Sensors for On‐Line Monitoring of Molten Metal Quality

Fergus¹

2011

Sensors, Sampling, and Simulation for Process Control

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The titanium/hydrogen system as the solid-state reference in high-temperature proton conductor-based hydrogen sensors

Cited by 22 publications

References 24 publications

The zirconium/hydrogen system as the solid-state reference of a high-temperature proton conductor-based hydrogen sensor

The zirconium/hydrogen system as the solid-state reference of a high-temperature proton conductor-based hydrogen sensor

Electrochemical Sensors: Fundamentals, Key Materials, and Applications

Sensors for On‐Line Monitoring of Molten Metal Quality

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