The Tokyo subway sarin attack—lessons learned

Okumura, Tetsu; Hisaoka, Teruhiko; Yamada, Akira; Naito, Toshio; Isonuma, Hiroshi; Okumura, Sumie; Miura, Katsuyuki; Sakurada, Mutsumi; Maekawa, Hiroshi; Ishimatsu, Shinichi; Takasu, Nobuo; Suzuki, Kouichiro

doi:10.1016/j.taap.2005.02.032

Cited by 121 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Together with our earlier findings (13), these results suggest that MCC ® is a promising antidote against sulphur mustard and sarin because of a great absorption potential (5,(24)(25)(26)(27) owed to its threedimensional net structure and micro-size inorganic particles.…”

Section: MCCsupporting

confidence: 86%

Skin Decontamination with Mineral Cationic Carrier Against Sarin Determined In Vivo

Vučemilović

Hadžija

Jukić

2009

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Our Institute's nuclear, biological, and chemical defense research team continuously investigates and develops preparations for skin decontamination against nerve agents. In this in vivo study, we evaluated skin decontamination effi cacy against sarin by a synthetic preparation called Mineral Cationic Carrier (MCC ® ) with known ion exchange, absorption effi cacy and bioactive potential. Mice were treated with increasing doses of sarin applied on their skin, and MCC ® was administered immediately after contamination. The results showed that decontamination with MCC ® could achieve therapeutic effi cacy corresponding to 3 x LD 50 of percutaneous sarin and call for further research.

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Section: MCCsupporting

confidence: 86%

Skin Decontamination with Mineral Cationic Carrier Against Sarin Determined In Vivo

Vučemilović

Hadžija

Jukić

2009

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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“…In 1988, Saddam Hussein used sarin and the related OP agent tabun (ethyl N,N-dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate) against Kurdish citizens in Halabja, killing 5000 (Newmark, 2007). More recently, the cult Aum Shinrikyo released diluted sarin in the Tokyo subway system in 1995, killing 12 and affecting thousands (Okumura et al, 2005). Even though these and related compounds were banned by the 1997 Chemical Weapons Warfare Convention, their ease of synthesis and known use by rogue nations and terrorist groups continue to pose a security threat (Trapp, 2006).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Carboxylesterase 1 Stereoselectively Binds the Nerve Agent Cyclosarin and Spontaneously Hydrolyzes the Nerve Agent Sarin

Hemmert¹,

Otto²,

Wierdl³

et al. 2010

Mol Pharmacol

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Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents are potent toxins that inhibit cholinesterases and produce a rapid and lethal cholinergic crisis. Development of protein-based therapeutics is being pursued with the goal of preventing nerve agent toxicity and protecting against the long-term side effects of these agents. The drug-metabolizing enzyme human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1) is a candidate protein-based therapeutic because of its similarity in structure and function to the cholinesterase targets of nerve agent poisoning. However, the ability of wild-type hCE1 to process the G-type nerve agents sarin and cyclosarin has not been determined. We report the crystal structure of hCE1 in complex with the nerve agent cyclosarin. We further use stereoselective nerve agent analogs to establish that hCE1 exhibits a 1700-and 2900-fold preference for the P R enantiomers of analogs of soman and cyclosarin, respectively, and a 5-fold preference for the P S isomer of a sarin analog. Finally, we show that for enzyme inhibited by racemic mixtures of bona fide nerve agents, hCE1 spontaneously reactivates in the presence of sarin but not soman or cyclosarin. The addition of the neutral oxime 2,3-butanedione monoxime increases the rate of reactivation of hCE1 from sarin inhibition by more than 60-fold but has no effect on reactivation with the other agents examined. Taken together, these data demonstrate that hCE1 is only reactivated after inhibition with the more toxic P S isomer of sarin. These results provide important insights toward the long-term goal of designing novel forms of hCE1 to act as protein-based therapeutics for nerve agent detoxification.

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“…Kako sarin hlapi podjednakom brzinom kao i voda, a dnevna temperatura zraka je taj dan bila relativno visoka, veoma je brzo došao u atmosferu. To je klasičan primjer terorističke primjene bojnog otrova iz kućne radinosti koji je imao za posljedicu 5500 otrovanih od kojih je 11 umrlo (71)(72)(73).…”

Section: Biološke Nokseunclassified

“…Trovanje živčanim bojnim otrovima i akutni stresni sindrom imaju vrlo slične simptome (hladan znoj, isprekidano disanje, pojačano aritmičko lupanje srca, drhtanje i grčenje mišića, smanjena svijest itd.). Istraživanja na molekularnoj razini potvrdila su da se u stanju jakog akutnog stresa u organizmu trenutačno inhibira acetilkolinesteraza i poremeti koncentracija adenokortikotropnih hormona u krvi, što itekako može napraviti veliku zbrku u zbrinjavanju unesrećenih i medicinskom tretmanu (71,74).…”

Section: Biološke Nokseunclassified

Toxicological Effects of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Noxious Agents in Modern Warfare and Terorrism

Vučemilović¹

2010

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Oružja za masovno uništavanje najbolji su primjer uporabe civilizacijskih tehnoloških dostignuća u štetne svrhe i protiv ljudske civilizacije. Unatoč nastojanjima oko kontrole i smanjenja njihove količine, rizik zbog samoga postojanja pa čak i širenja zahtijeva da se o njihovoj uporabi i dalje vodi računa i da se povećaju obrambene mjere -nuklearno-biološko-kemijske obrane (NBKO). Osim suvremenog vojnika koji je u vojnim i mirovnim operacijama diljem svijeta izložen raznim noksama kemijskog, biološkog i radiološkog podrijetla, nezaštićeno i uglavnom slabo educirano civilno stanovništvo može biti izloženo terorističkim napadima. Oružja za masovno uništavanje i nokse kemijskog, biološkog i radiološkog podrijetla uzrokuju razne toksikološke posljedice, a bez obzira na njihovo podrijetlo, imaju zajednički nazivnik djelovanja -poremećaj fi ziološkog stanja u organizmu. Poremećaji proizašli nakon izlaganja tim noksama nerijetko se teško determiniraju, dijagnosticiraju i liječe. U ovome su radu s biomedicinskog aspekta obrađene važnije nokse kemijskog, biološkog i radiološkog podrijetla na temelju odabranih primjera iz terorizma i suvremenog ratovanja: polonij-210, osiromašeni uran, salmonela, bedrenica (antraks), genetički modifi cirane bakterije, polimerno predivo "paučina" i bojni otrovi sarin i iperit. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2010;61:247-256 Unatoč nastojanjima oko kontrole i smanjenja količine oružja za masovno uništavanje, rizik zbog njegova daljnjeg postojanja pa čak i širenja zahtijeva da se o njegovoj uporabi i dalje vodi računa te da se povećaju obrambene mjere -nuklearno-biološko-kemijske obrane (NBKO) (1-4). KLJUČNE RIJEČI: bedrenica, bojni otrovi, genetski modifi cirane bakterije, iperit, nuklearno-biološko-kemijska obrana, osiromašeni uran, polimerno predivo "paučina", polonij-210, salmonela, sarin, vojne operacije Vučemilović A. NOXIOUS AGENTS IN MODERN WARFARE AND TERORRISMOružja za masovno uništavanje prisutna su kroz cijelu povijest ljudske civilizacije. Od prastarih vremena kada su se protivnicima bacala trupla u bunare s pitkom vodom, do početka 20. stoljeća uglavnom su se rabila različita priručna sredstva u svrhu trovanja ili izazivanja zaraze. Razvoj oružja za masovno uništavanje u današnjem obliku i ustrojstvu počinje tek u 20. stoljeću usporedo s naglim razvojem kemije, biologije i fi zike (5-9).Danas postoji oko 45.000 tona kemijskog oružja deklariranog od Organizacije za zabranu kemijskog oružja (OPCW) za neškodljivo uništenje (10), a velik su ekološki problem i stotine tisuća tona kemijskog streljiva na dnu mora i oceana koje korodira, a izbacivano je s brodova ponajviše nakon II. svjetskog rata (11).Osim oružja za masovno uništavanje, opasnost su i ostale nokse: biološki agensi, kemijski elementi Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/11/18 8:31 AM

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The Tokyo subway sarin attack—lessons learned

Cited by 121 publications

References 10 publications

Skin Decontamination with Mineral Cationic Carrier Against Sarin Determined In Vivo

Skin Decontamination with Mineral Cationic Carrier Against Sarin Determined In Vivo

Human Carboxylesterase 1 Stereoselectively Binds the Nerve Agent Cyclosarin and Spontaneously Hydrolyzes the Nerve Agent Sarin

Toxicological Effects of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Noxious Agents in Modern Warfare and Terorrism

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