The Tolman Surface Brightness Test for the Reality of the Expansion. IV. A Measurement of the Tolman Signal and the Luminosity Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies

Lubin, Lori M.; Sandage, Allan

doi:10.1086/322134

Cited by 67 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 91 publications

(120 reference statements)

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“…In TL models, it has often been assumed by evaluators (Tolman 1930), advocates (Sorrell 2009) and critics (Lubin & Sandage 2001) that no photons are lost in transmission. The flux F (alias "apparent luminosity" l) from a source would then only be reduced by (1 + z) -1 , but this is questionable a priori.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From magnitudes and redshifts of supernovae, their light-curves, and angular sizes of galaxies to a tenable cosmology

Traunmüller

2014

Astrophys Space Sci

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Early physical cosmologies were based on interpretations of the cosmic redshift for which there was insufficient evidence and on theories of gravitation that appear to be falsified by galactic dynamics. Eventually, the big bang paradigm came to be guarded against refutation by ad hoc hypotheses (dark matter, cosmic inflation, dark energy) and free parameters. Presently available data allow a more satisfactory phenomenological approach. Using data on magnitude and redshift from 892 type Ia supernovae, it is first shown that these suggest that the redshift factor (1 + z) is simply an exponential function of distance and that, for "standard candles", magnitude m = 5 log[(1 + z) ln(1 + z)] + const. While these functions are incompatible with a big bang, they characterize certain tired light models as well as exponential expansion models. However, the former are falsified by the stretched light curves of distant supernovae and the latter by the absence of a predicted 1+z increase in the angular sizes of galaxies. Instead, the observations suggest that physical processes speed up and objects contract uniformly as an exponential function of time, standards of measurement not excluded, and only free waves being excepted. Distant events proceed, then, more slowly, while angular sizes remain unaffected, approximately as observed. Since all objects contract in proportion, the Universe retains a static appearance. A corresponding physical theory, which should also explain galactic dynamics, remains yet to be derived from first principles. A way to do this, satisfying also Mach"s principle, is vaguely suggested.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From magnitudes and redshifts of supernovae, their light-curves, and angular sizes of galaxies to a tenable cosmology

Traunmüller

2014

Astrophys Space Sci

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“…At the time (see Lubin & Sandage 2001) it was the only observational test that was proposed to confirm the reality of the expansion of the universe, which is now well established. This dimming effect, independent of the cosmological model, has to be taken into account if one wants to measure galaxy sizes (by means of counting pixels) at the same surface brightness level at different redshifts.…”

Section: Cosmological Dimming and Luminosity Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size evolution of star-forming galaxies with 2 <z< 4.5 in the VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey

Ribeiro

Fèvre

Tasca

et al. 2016

A&A

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Context. The size of a galaxy encapsulates the signature of the different physical processes driving its evolution. The distribution of galaxy sizes in the universe as a function of cosmic time is therefore a key to understand galaxy evolution. Aims. We aim to measure the average sizes and size distributions of galaxies as they are assembling before the peak in the comoving star formation rate density of the universe to better understand the evolution of galaxies across cosmic time. Methods. We use a sample of ∼ 1200 galaxies with confirmed spectroscopic redshifts 2 ≤ z spec ≤ 4.5 in the VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey (VUDS), representative of star-forming galaxies with i AB ≤ 25. We first derive galaxy sizes applying a classical parametric profile fitting method using GALFIT. We then measure the total pixel area covered by a galaxy above a given surface brightness threshold, which overcomes the difficulty of measuring sizes of galaxies with irregular shapes. We then compare the results obtained for the equivalent circularized radius enclosing 100% of the measured galaxy light r 100 T to those obtained with the effective radius r e,circ measured with GALFIT. Results. We find that the sizes of galaxies computed with our non-parametric approach span a large range but remain roughly constant on average with a median value r 100 T ∼ 2.2 kpc for galaxies with 2 < z < 4.5. This is in stark contrast with the strong downward evolution of r e with increasing redshift, down to sizes of < 1 kpc at z ∼ 4.5. We analyze the difference and find that parametric fitting of complex, asymmetric, multi-component galaxies is severely underestimating their sizes. By comparing r 100 T with physical parameters obtained through SED fitting we find that the star-forming galaxies that are the largest at any redshift are, on average, more massive and more star-forming. We discover that galaxies present more concentrated light profiles as we move towards higher redshifts. We interpret these results as the signature of several, possibly different, evolutionary paths of galaxies in their early stages of assembly, including major and minor merging or star-formation in multiple bright regions.

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“…Equation 16, called the Robertson-Walker metric, can be plugged into Einstein's field equations, or:…”

Section: The Friedmann Universementioning

confidence: 99%

A novel mechanism for the distance-redshift relation

Leigh

Graur

2017

Class. Quantum Grav.

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Abstract.We consider a novel mechanism to account for the observed distance-redshift relation. This is done by presenting a toy model for the large-scale matter distribution in a static Universe. Our model mainly concerns particles with masses far below those in the Standard Model of Particle Physics. The model is founded on three main assumptions: (1) a mass spectrum dN i /dm i = βm(where α and β are both positive constants) for low-mass particles with m i ≪ 10 −22 eV ≪ M P , where M P is the Planck mass; (2) a particle mass-wavelength relation of the form λ i = /δ i m i c, where δ i = ηm γ i and η and γ are both constants; and (3) For such low-mass particles, locality can only be defined on large spatial scales, comparable to or exceeding the particle wavelengths.We use our model to derive the cosmological redshift characteristic of the Standard Model of Cosmology, which becomes a gravitational redshift in our model. We compare the results of our model to empirical data and show that, in order to reproduce the sub-linear form of the observed distance-redshift relation, our model requires α + γ < 0. We further place our toy model in the context of the Friedmann Universe via a superposition of Einstein Universes, each with its own scale factor a i . Given the overwhelming evidence supporting an expanding Universe, we then address possible modifications to our base model that would be required to account for the available empirical constraints, including the addition of some initial expansion. Finally, we consider potentially observable distinctions between the cosmological redshift and our proposed mechanism to account for the observed distance-redshift relation.PACS numbers: 95.30. Sf,04.80.Cc Keywords: gravitation, elementary particles, relativistic processes, cosmology A novel mechanism for the distance-redshift relation 2

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The Tolman Surface Brightness Test for the Reality of the Expansion. IV. A Measurement of the Tolman Signal and the Luminosity Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies

Cited by 67 publications

References 91 publications

From magnitudes and redshifts of supernovae, their light-curves, and angular sizes of galaxies to a tenable cosmology

From magnitudes and redshifts of supernovae, their light-curves, and angular sizes of galaxies to a tenable cosmology

Size evolution of star-forming galaxies with 2 <z< 4.5 in the VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey

A novel mechanism for the distance-redshift relation

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