The Top Millimeter of the Ocean

MacIntyre, Ferren

doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0574-62

Cited by 151 publications

(48 citation statements)

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“…For instance, enrichment of colloid-associated heavy metals and organic compounds at the surface of oceans and lakes have been reported (1)(2)(3)(4). Clays, humic acids, and microorganisms have also been found preferentially sorbed at air-water interfaces in unsaturated soils (5)(6)(7)(8)(9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partitioning of Clay Colloids at Air–Water Interfaces

Wan

Tokunaga

2002

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

123

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Colloid sorption onto air-water interfaces in a variety of natural environments has been previously recognized, but better quantification and understanding is still needed. Affinities of clay colloids for the air-water interface were measured using a bubble-column method and reported as partition coefficients (K). Four types of dilute clay suspensions were measured in NaCl solutions under varying pH and ionic strength conditions: kaolinite KGa-1, illite IMt-2, montmorillonite SWy-2, and bentonite. The K values of three types of polystyrene latex particles with different surface-charge properties were also measured for comparison. Kaolinite exhibited extremely high affinity to the air-water interface at pH values below 7. Illite has lower affinity to air-water interfaces than kaolinite, but has similar pH-dependence. Na-montmorillonite and bentonite clay were found excluded from the air-water interface at any given pH and ionic strength. Positively and negatively charged latex particles exhibited sorption and exclusion, respectively, at the air-water interface. These results show the importance of electrostatic interactions between the air-water interface and colloids, especially the influence of pHdependent edge charges, and influence of particle shape.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partitioning of Clay Colloids at Air–Water Interfaces

Wan

Tokunaga

2002

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

123

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“…6.1), including a large component (up to 10 9 /ml) of viral and dissolved DNA, resulting from viral lysing of bacteria (Wommack and Colwell, 2000). In surface waters with rich ecosystems, nueston can increase evaporation 3-fold by stirring the skin layer with their flagella (MacIntyre, 1974).…”

Section: Life and Evaporationmentioning

confidence: 99%

HESS Opinions "Biological catalysis of the hydrological cycle: life's thermodynamic function"

Michaelian

2012

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Darwinian theory depicts life as being overwhelmingly consumed by a fight for survival in a hostile environment. However, from a thermodynamic perspective, life is a dynamic, out of equilibrium process, stabilizing and coevolving in concert with its abiotic environment. The living components of the biosphere on the Earth's surface of greatest biomass, the plants and cyanobacteria, are involved in the transpiration of a vast amount of water. Transpiration is part of the global water cycle, and it is this cycle that distinguishes Earth from its apparently life-barren neighboring planets, Venus and Mars. The dissipation of sunlight into heat by organic molecules in the biosphere, and its coupling to the water cycle (as well as other abiotic processes), is by far the greatest entropy-producing process occurring on Earth. Life, from this perspective, can be viewed as performing an important thermodynamic function, acting as a dynamic catalyst by aiding irreversible abiotic processes such as the water cycle, hurricanes, and ocean and wind currents to produce entropy. The role of animals in this view is that of unwitting but dedicated servants of the plants and cyanobacteria, helping them to grow, and to spread into initially inhospitable areas.

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“…Surface-active material-primarily organic-that is known to collect on bubbles as they rise in the water column and to form as monolayers on the sea surface [60][61][62][63] can be entrained onto spray droplets and, thus, affect their chemical and physical properties. Such contamination could affect several aspects of what we are assuming about spray droplets and the time scales that we have been discussing.…”

Section: Surface-active Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spray-Mediated Air-Sea Gas Exchange: The Governing Time Scales

Andreas

Vlahos

Monahan

2017

JMSE

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Abstract:It is not known whether sea spray droplets can act as agents that influence air-sea gas exchange. We begin to address that question here by evaluating the time scales that govern spray-mediated air-sea gas transfer. To move between the interior of a spray droplet and the atmospheric gas reservoir, gas molecules must complete three distinct steps: (1) Gas molecules must mix between the interior surface and the deep interior of the aqueous solution droplet; time scale τ aq estimates the rate of this transfer; (2) Molecules must cross the droplet's interface; time scale τ int parameterizes this transfer; and (3) The molecules must transit a "jump" layer between a spray droplet's exterior surface and the atmospheric gas reservoir; time scale τ air dictates the rate of this transfer. The same steps, in reverse order, pertain to gas molecules moving from an atmospheric reservoir to a drop's interior. For the six most plentiful gases, excluding water vapor, in the atmosphere-helium, neon, argon, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide-τ air , τ int , and τ aq are shorter than the time scales that quantify the rate at which a newly formed spray droplet's temperature, radius, and salinity evolve. We therefore conclude that, following the assumptions herein, a model for spray-mediated air-sea gas exchange can assume that the gas concentration in spray droplets is always in instantaneous equilibrium with the local atmospheric gas concentration.

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The Top Millimeter of the Ocean

Cited by 151 publications

References 0 publications

Partitioning of Clay Colloids at Air–Water Interfaces

Partitioning of Clay Colloids at Air–Water Interfaces

HESS Opinions "Biological catalysis of the hydrological cycle: life's thermodynamic function"

Spray-Mediated Air-Sea Gas Exchange: The Governing Time Scales

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The Top Millimeter of the Ocean

Cited by 151 publications

References 0 publications

Partitioning of Clay Colloids at Air–Water Interfaces

Partitioning of Clay Colloids at Air–Water Interfaces

HESS Opinions &quot;Biological catalysis of the hydrological cycle: life's thermodynamic function&quot;

Spray-Mediated Air-Sea Gas Exchange: The Governing Time Scales

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HESS Opinions "Biological catalysis of the hydrological cycle: life's thermodynamic function"