The total workload of male and female white collar workers as related to age, occupational level, and number of children

Lundberg, Ulf; Mårdberg, Bertil; Frankenhaeuser, Marianne

doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1994.tb00956.x

Cited by 240 publications

(182 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In the present study household tasks are given the status of housework/unpaid work because of the assumption that work corresponds to any activity necessary for the maintenance of society (Waissmann, 2003). Our view is shared by other authors who consider both professional and domestic load in the analysis of females' health Bjorksten et al, 2001;Brisson et al, 1999;Krantz et al, 2005;Lundberg et al, 1994). In the context of those studies, our results are partly in accordance with those obtained using a white-collar sample by Krantz et al (2005) The authors found an interaction between work conditions and household only for female's health, while males responded more selectively to professional work hours.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

A gender approach to work ability and its relationship to professional and domestic work hours among nursing personnel

et al. 2008

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The association between working hours and work ability was examined in a cross sectional study of male (N=156) and female (N=1092) nurses in three public hospitals. Working hours were considered in terms of their professional and domestic hours per week and their combined impact; total work load. Logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between total work load and inadequate work ability index (WAI) for females only. Females reported a higher proportion of inadequate WAI, fewer professional work hours but longer domestic work hours. There were no significant differences in total work load by gender. The combination of professional and domestic work hours in females seemed to best explain their lower work ability. The findings suggest that investigations into female well-being need to consider their total work load. Our male sample may have lacked sufficient power to detect a relationship between working hours and work ability.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

A gender approach to work ability and its relationship to professional and domestic work hours among nursing personnel

et al. 2008

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“…Men's low recovery level is surprising at first glance. Because women face a greater total workload than men (Lundberg, Marberg, & Frankenhaeuser, 1994), one would expect that women have less time and opportunities to recover after work. However, it seems that the picture is more complex.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery, work engagement, and proactive behavior: A new look at the interface between nonwork and work.

Sonnentag

2003

Journal of Applied Psychology

1,421

1,142

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This study examined work-related outcomes of recovery during leisure time. A total of 147 employees completed a questionnaire and a daily survey over a period of 5 consecutive work days. Multilevel analyses showed that day-level recovery was positively related to day-level work engagement and day-level proactive behavior (personal initiative, pursuit of learning) during the subsequent work day. The data suggest considerable daily fluctuations in behavior and attitudes at work, with evidence that these are related to prior experience and opportunity for recovery in the nonwork domain.

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“…This inverse association was not replicated in a study of cardiovascular events among Japanese women (46), but, because only two cardiovascular events were recorded in the high-strain group, that finding remains open to chance. The stress of unpaid work at home (eg, child care) may be particularly important for women because they still carry a larger share of the responsibility for doing domestic duties (50,51). For example, findings from the Whitehall II study suggest that low control at home predicts CHD among women but not among men (52), and a Swedish study showed that a combination of stressful conditions at work and at home predicted perceived symptoms among women, whereas, for men, symptoms were more strongly determined by work stress alone (53).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Work stress in the etiology of coronary heart disease—a meta-analysis

Kivimäki¹,

Virtanen²,

Elovainio³

et al. 2006

Scand J Work Environ Health

789

561

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Kivimäki M, Virtanen M, Elovainio M, Kouvonen A, Väänänen A, Vahtera J. Work stress in the etiology of coronary heart disease-a meta-analysis. Scand J Work Environ Health 2006;32(6 special issue):431-442.Objectives This study focused on estimating the relative risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in association with work stress, as indicated by the job-strain model, the effort-reward imbalance model, and the organizational injustice model. MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies were carried out. Studies were eligible if they had published a quantitative estimate of the association between work stress and incident CHD or cardiovascular mortality by January 2006.Results Fourteen prospective cohort studies were identified. For a total of 83 014 employees, the age-and gender-adjusted relative ratio of CHD for high versus low job strain was 1.43 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.15-1.84], but the ratio decreased to 1.16 (95% CI 0.94-1.43) after adjustment for risk factors and potential mediators. The age-and gender-adjusted risk ratio for a combination of high efforts and low rewards was 1.58 (95% CI 0.84-2.97) for 11 528 employees, and no reduction in the risk ratio was seen after further adjustments. For organizational injustice, the age-and gender-adjusted, and multiple-adjusted relative risks were 1.62 (95% CI 1.24-2.13) and 1.47 (95% CI 1.12-1.95), respectively, for a population of 7246 men and women. There was little standardization in the assessment of work stress within all three stress models, and significant heterogeneity in the effects of stress was observed between studies. Few studies were available for female samples. ConclusionsObservational data suggest an average 50% excess risk for CHD among employees with work stress. Further research is needed to confirm that a reduction in work stress will lead to a reduction in CHD risk.Key terms cardiovascular disease; effort-reward imbalance; job strain; mortality; organizational justice; prospective cohort study; psychosocial factors; systematic review; working population. Activation of the stress system in the hypothalamus and the brain stem helps the body to overcome the influence of short-term physical stressors. However, prolonged overactivity of these systems may cause wear and tear and play a role in coronary heart disease (CHD), infection, and accelerated aging (1). The recognition that the physiological reactions to stress cannot only protect, but also damage the body has provided a basis for epidemiologic research on work stress.Three models for work stress and coronary heart disease Work-stress models aim at describing factors that are likely to elicit harmful stress at work in a large proportion of employees. These factors are conceptualized at a level of generalization that allows for their identification in a wide range of occupations. The stress model most often cited and most widely tested is the two-dimensional job-strain model (2-4) ( Work stress in the etiology of coronary heart disease strain model adds...

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The total workload of male and female white collar workers as related to age, occupational level, and number of children

Cited by 240 publications

References 16 publications

A gender approach to work ability and its relationship to professional and domestic work hours among nursing personnel

A gender approach to work ability and its relationship to professional and domestic work hours among nursing personnel

Recovery, work engagement, and proactive behavior: A new look at the interface between nonwork and work.

Work stress in the etiology of coronary heart disease—a meta-analysis

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