The toxic effect of copper on the association between ciliates Euplotes vannus and Euplotes crassus and their naturally associated bacteria isolated from a polluted tropical bay

Effects of Copper and the Insecticide Cypermethrin on a Soil Ciliate (Protozoa: Ciliophora) Community

“…Research on the impacts of trace metals in general, and copper (Cu) in particular, on protozoa in soil is scant (Johansen et al, 2018). Almost all studies to date have focussed on laboratory testing of trace metal toxicity, and only a few ciliates and amoeba species have been investigated (Bitencourt et al, 2016;Campbell et al, 1997;Díaz et al, 2006;Forge et al, 1993;Hao et al, 2016;Martín-González et al, 2006;Pratt et al, 1997;Martín-González et al, 2006). Moreover, microcosms have only occasionally been used to evaluate the changes in abundance and diversity of soil protozoa caused by elevated trace metal exposure (Ekelund et al, 2003;Johansen et al, 2018), despite such conditions more closely resembling those in the field.…”