The toxicity of lithium to human cardiomyocytes

Abstract

Background: Lithium is widely used in the electronic consumer market and electric vehicles and has a great contribution in the world economy, resulting in large quantities of lithium waste in the environment. Yangtze River basin is one of the most developed areas in China. However, the environment influence of lithium in the Yangtze River basin and its roles in cardiomyocytes has not yet been clarified.Results: Here we found that the concentration of lithium in the water environment is very high in Shanghai, as well as in tap water, which might be cause by the pollution of lithium batteries. Lithium inhibits not only cell viability of human cardiomyocytes, but also cell proliferation. Moreover, lithium promotes cell apoptosis of cardiomyocytes significantly. And we found that lithium controls cardiomyocytes' functions through regulating Gsk3β signaling.Conclusions: This study reveals that the water environment of Shanghai might be polluted by the lithium batteries; and the enrichment of lithium may cause damage to human cardiomyocytes; and it is imperative to detect lithium concentration in the water environments (such as tap water and irrigation water) and effectively recycle lithium batteries in the future.

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“…7,8 This is the reason planet earth is being converted into a lithium dump slowly and gradually. 9,10 To deal with both problems i.e., hydrogen storage and lithium, a novel proton battery concept was proposed that could run both in electrolyser mode to produce hydrogen by splitting water and in fuel cell mode to give out electricity. 11,12 Li et al 13 suggested a copper fiber filled flow field, simulated the pressure and flow velocity inside the fuel cell, and calculated the optimal operating parameters and porosity.…”

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