The toxicological effects of nano titanium dioxide on target organs and mechanisms of toxicity

Abstract

Nano‐titanium dioxide (TiO2NPs) is widely used for its extremely high stability, corrosion resistance, and photocatalytic properties and has penetrated into various fields of production and life. Assessing its toxicity to different organs should be a key part of preclinical toxicity assessment of TiO2NPs, which is relatively incomprehensive yet. Therefore, this review focuses on the toxic effects of TiO2NPs on various organs in mammals and biological mechanisms from different organs. The commonality of toxic effects on various target organs reflected in tissue structure damage and dysfunction, such as liver damage and dysfunction; pulmonary fibrosis; and renal impairment (including hematuria and nephritis); damage of brain tissue and neurons; alteration of intestinal villi; and weight loss. And effects on the reproductive system are affected by different sexes, including ovarian dysfunction, testicular development damage, and sperm viability reduction. We believe that the toxic mechanisms of TiO2NPs in target organs have commonalities, such as oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and organelle damage. However, different target organ toxicities also have their specificities. TiO2NPs disturb the intestinal flora and cause undesirable changes in feces products. And in spleen are infiltration of neutrophils and lymphadenopathy and eventually immune deficiency. Although the toxic pathways are different, but there may be a close link between the different toxic pathways. In this article, the main manifestations of the toxic effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on major mammalian organs are reviewed, in order to provide basic data for their better application from a medical perspective.

Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis overlapping neuropathology start in the first two decades of life in pollution exposed urbanites and brain ultrafine particulate matter and industrial nanoparticles, including Fe, Ti, Al, V, Ni, Hg, Co, Cu, Zn, Ag, Pt, Ce, La, Pr and W are key players. Metropolitan Mexico City health crisis is in progress

“…NPs surface charge, dynamic magnetic susceptibility, iron content, and redox activity contribute to ROS generation, NVU, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) damage and are catalysts for protein misfolding, aggregation, and fibrillation (Calderón-Garcidueñas et al, 2019c). Although superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPIONs) (Wolf et al, 2023) respond to external magnetic fields and are involved in cell damage by agglomeration/clustering, magnetic rotation and/or hyperthermia have been central to our cell damage knowledge in magnetic NPs, and the path mechanisms involving neural NPs damage are extensive (Hu et al, 2011;Mohammadipour et al, 2014;Jung et al, 2019;Li and Tang, 2023;Liu et al, 2023;Srikanth Vallabani et al, 2023;Tang et al, 2023;Wang et al, 2023). To compound the problem, since we are all continuously exposed to polymeric materials, nanoplastics capable of crossing the BBB and the GI barriers have to be included in the brain toxicity list (Kopatz et al, 2023;Zhao et al, 2023;Ziani et al, 2023).…”

Ecotoxicological Effects of TiO2 P25 Nanoparticles Aqueous Suspensions on Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Eleutheroembryos

“…One potential explanation for the observed results is illustrated in Scheme 1 . TiO 2 NPs have a greater capacity to induce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 41 ], leading to oxidative stress in cells [ 8 , 42 , 43 ]. Aggregates of TiO 2 NPs have been shown to induce oxidative stress in zebrafish embryos [ 20 , 21 ].…”