The toxicological effects of saccharin in short-term genotoxicity assays

Arnold, Douglas L.; Boyes, B.G.

doi:10.1016/0165-1110(89)90001-8

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 118 publications

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“…Toxicological and genotoxicological tests have been used all over the world to evaluate the potential risk of food [14]. In addition, in vivo and in vitro clastogenicity and antigenotoxicity tests must be performed to evaluate the nutraceutical potential of food since the "initiation" step of tumorigenesis involves alterations of the genetic material, which are called "genotoxic" and are assessed by different end-points as DNA-strand breaks and mutation induction which must be stabilised/reverted [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological and Nutraceutical Screening Assays of Some Artificial Sweeteners

et al. 2022

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Artificial sweeteners are food additives worldwide used instead of fructose or glucose in many diet beverages. Furthermore, diet beverages intake has been increasing every year. Thus, some food agencies should regulate it based on toxicological studies. Debates and controversial results are demonstrated, and authority can revise its decision on the basis of new data reporting toxicological effects since cyclamate has been forbidden in some countries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to report new data about the toxicity of acesulfame-k, aspartame, and cyclamate, which are useful for authority agencies, determining the toxic potential and nutraceutical capabilities of these compounds. The toxicity, antitoxicity, genotoxicity, antigenotoxicity, and life expectancy assays were carried out in Drosophila as an in vivo model. In addition, in vitro HL-60 line cell was used to evaluate the chemopreventive activity determining the cytotoxic effect and the capability of producing DNA damage due to internucleosomal fragmentation or DNA strand breaks. Furthermore, the methylated status of these cancer cells treated with the tested compounds was assayed as a cancer therapy. Our results demonstrated that all tested compounds were neither toxic nor genotoxic, whereas these compounds resulted in antigenotoxic and cytotoxic substances, except for cyclamate. Aspartame showed antitoxic effects in Drosophila. All tested compounds decreased the quality of life of this in vivo organism model. Acesulfame-k, aspartame, and cyclamate induced DNA damage in the HL-60 cell line in the comet assay, and acesulfame-k generally increased the methylation status. In conclusion, all tested artificial sweeteners were safe compounds at assayed concentrations since toxicity and genotoxicity were not significantly induced in flies. Moreover, Aspartame and Cyclamate showed protective activity against a genotoxin in Drosophila Regarding nutraceutical potential, acesulfame-k and aspartame could be demonstrated to be chemopreventive due to the cytotoxicity activity shown by these compounds. According to DNA fragmentation and comet assays, a necrotic way could be the main mechanism of death cells induced by acesulfame-k and aspartame. Finally, Acesulfame-K hypermethylated repetitive elements, which are hypomethylated in cancer cells resulting in a benefit to humans.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological and Nutraceutical Screening Assays of Some Artificial Sweeteners

et al. 2022

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Intentional (Direct) Additives

Gosting¹,

Doyle²,

Steinhart³

et al. 1991

Food Safety 1990

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Calcium phosphate-containing precipitate and the carcinogenicity of sodium salts in rats

Cohen

Arnold²,

Cano

et al. 2000

Carcinogenesis

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Sodium saccharin, ascorbate and other sodium salts fed at high doses to rats produce urinary bladder urothelial cytotoxicity with consequent regenerative hyperplasia. For sodium salts that have been tested, tumor activity is enhanced when administered either alone or after a brief exposure to a known genotoxic bladder carcinogen. These sodium salts alter urinary composition of rats resulting in formation of an amorphous precipitate. We examined the precipitate to ascertain its composition and further delineate the basis for its formation in rat urine. Using scanning electron microscopy with attached X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, the principal elements present were calcium, phosphorus, minor amounts of silicon and sulfur. Smaller elements are not detectable by this method. Infrared analyses demonstrated that calcium phosphate was in the tribasic form and silicon was most likely in the form of silica. Small amounts of saccharin were present in the precipitate from rats fed sodium saccharin (<5%), but ascorbate was not detectable in the precipitate from rats fed similar doses of sodium ascorbate. Large amounts of urea and mucopolysaccharide, apparently chondroitin sulfate, were detected in the precipitate by infrared analysis. Chemical analyses confirmed the presence of large amounts of calcium phosphate with variably small amounts of magnesium, possibly present as magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals, present in urine even in controls. Small amounts of protein, including albumin and alpha(2u)-globulin, were also detected (<5% of the precipitate). Calcium phosphate is an essential ingredient of the medium for tissue culture of epithelial cells, but when present at high concentrations (>5 mM) it precipitates and becomes cytotoxic. The nature of the precipitate reflects the unique composition of rat urine and helps to explain the basis for the species specificity of the cytotoxic and proliferative effects of high doses of these sodium salts.

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The toxicological effects of saccharin in short-term genotoxicity assays

Cited by 4 publications

References 118 publications

Toxicological and Nutraceutical Screening Assays of Some Artificial Sweeteners

Toxicological and Nutraceutical Screening Assays of Some Artificial Sweeteners

Intentional (Direct) Additives

Calcium phosphate-containing precipitate and the carcinogenicity of sodium salts in rats

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