The Toxicology of Chlorine

Winder, Chris

doi:10.1006/enrs.2000.4110

Cited by 179 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…At higher concentrations, severe airway epithelial cell injury, pulmonary edema, and death may occur (16,17). No specific treatment for chlorine exposure exists; symptoms are treated as they present.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-Exposure Antioxidant Treatment in Rats Decreases Airway Hyperplasia and Hyperreactivity Due to Chlorine Inhalation

Fanucchi¹,

Bracher

Doran

et al. 2012

Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol

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We assessed the safety and efficacy of combined intravenous and aerosolized antioxidant administration to attenuate chlorine gasinduced airway alterations when administered after exposure. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to air or 400 parts per million (ppm) chlorine (a concentration likely to be encountered in the vicinity of industrial accidents) in environmental chambers for 30 minutes, and returned to room air, and they then received a single intravenous injection of ascorbic acid and deferoxamine or saline. At 1 hour and 15 hours after chlorine exposure, the rats were treated with aerosolized ascorbate and deferoxamine or vehicle. Lung antioxidant profiles, plasma ascorbate concentrations, airway morphology, and airway reactivity were evaluated at 24 hours and 7 days after chlorine exposure. At 24 hours after exposure, chlorine-exposed rats had significantly lower pulmonary ascorbate and reduced glutathione concentrations. Treatment with antioxidants restored depleted ascorbate in lungs and plasma. At 7 days after exposure, in chlorineexposed, vehicle-treated rats, the thickness of the proximal airways was 60% greater than in control rats, with twice the amount of mucosubstances. Airway resistance in response to methacholine challenge was also significantly elevated. Combined treatment with intravenous and aerosolized antioxidants restored airway morphology, the amount of airway mucosubstances, and airway reactivity to control levels by 7 days after chlorine exposure. Our results demonstrate for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that severe injury to major airways in rats exposed to chlorine, as characterized by epithelial hyperplasia, mucus accumulation, and airway hyperreactivity, can be reversed in a safe and efficacious manner by the postexposure administration of ascorbate and deferoxamine.Keywords: epithelial injury; epithelial repair; mucosubstances; ascorbate; deferoxamine; aerosol Chlorine is essential to global industry and to global public health. According to the World Chlorine Council (http://www. worldchlorine.org), 14.4 million metric tons were produced in North America in 2008, and 62.8 million metric tons were produced globally. Water treatment makes up only 5% of the world's use of chlorine. The majority of chlorine is used in the production of plastics such as polyvinyl chloride (1). It is also used as a bleaching agent for pulp and paper production, as feedstock in the production of chlorinated solvents used in metalworking, in dry cleaning, in electronics, and in pharmaceutical production (1-6).Only 20 American states contain facilities that produce chlorine, but every American state has facilities that use chlorine. This results in the shipping of chlorine by railcar, and increases the potential for large-scale accidents. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, chlorine gas was related to 518 serious accidents over a 5-year period during the 1990s (1). Multiple-casualty exposures to chlorine have resulted from industrial accidents involving chlorine ta...

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confidence: 99%

Post-Exposure Antioxidant Treatment in Rats Decreases Airway Hyperplasia and Hyperreactivity Due to Chlorine Inhalation

Fanucchi¹,

Bracher

Doran

et al. 2012

Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol

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“…6 Then, the animals were sacrificed for histopathological examination. They reported that severe pulmonary dysfunction developed during this interval, in addition to dilatation in the small and intermediate bronchioles, enlargement in the alveolar space, edema in the alveolar septum, and desquamation in the epithelial cilia at the mucosal surface and inflammatory cells in the desquamated cells.…”

Section: Figure 6: Grade 1 Emphysema (Group 5) (He X100)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 The most important result of chlorine gas exposure is that it produces irritant effects when it comes into contact with important mucosal membranes within the respiratory tract. 6 HCl and oxygen radicals O -are responsible for chlorine gas toxicity. [1][2][3] Decrease in ventilated air, non-allergic hypersensitivity, mucosal inflammation in lymphocytes, and epithelial basal membrane thickening have been reported following the acute exposure to high doses of chlorine gas.…”

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confidence: 99%

Histopathological Study of Short and Long-Term Pulmonary Effects of Nebulized Sodium Bicarbonate Treatment in Chlorine Gas Exposured Rats

Al¹,

Bozkurt²,

Yıldırım³

et al. 2010

Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci

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A AB BS S T TR RA AC CT T O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e: : So di um hypoch lo ri te (known as ble ach) and hydroch lo ric acid are tra di ti o nally used as cle a ning ma te ri als. Mix tu re of the se two li qu ids yi elds chlo ri ne gas. Chlo ri ne gas ex po su re is a fre qu ent re a son for emer gency con sul ta ti ons. The re is no ac cep ted spe ci fic tre at ment for re duc ti on of the pul mo nary in jury. In our study, we ha ve in ves ti ga ted his to pat ho lo gi cally the ef fect of ne bu lized so di um bi car bo na te, the use of which is al so con tro ver si al in the li te ra tu re, in the tre at ment of pulmo nary in jury ca u sed by chlo ri ne gas in ha la ti on. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et t h ho od ds s: : Forty-eight rats we re used. Rats we re ran domly dis tri bu ted in to five gro ups. Rats in Gro up 1 (n= 8) we re kept un tre a ted thro ugho ut the study. Rats in Gro up 2 (n= 8), Gro up 3 (n= 8), Gro up 4 (n= 12), and Gro up 5 (n= 12) we re expo sed to 155 ppm chlo ri ne gas in ha la ti on for five mi nu tes. Rats in Gro up 3 and 5 we re ad di ti o nally gi ven ne bu li zed so di um bi car bo na te fol lo wing chlo ri ne gas in ha la ti on. Rats in Gro up 2 and 3 we re sacri fi ced 30 mi nu tes af ter the chlo ri ne in ha la ti on, and rats in Gro up 4 and 5 we re sac ri fi ced 45 days after the in ha la ti on for his to pat ho lo gi cal exa mi na ti ons. Pul mo nary in jury gra de was determined and the re sults we re com pa red bet we en gro ups. Sta tis ti cal analy sis was performed using the SSPS 13.0 softwa re. R Re e s su ul lt ts s: : His to pat ho lo gi cal exa mi na ti on of the lungs of rats in Gro up 2 and 3 sho wed acu te injury. The re was no in jury in Gro up 1. All of the rats in Gro up 2 had Gra de 1 in jury. In Gro up 3, 50% of rats had Gra de 1 and 50% had Gra de 2 in juries. So me of the rats in Gro up 4 and Gro up 5 sho wed si mi lar in ters ti ti al fib ro sis and al ve o lar emph yse ma to us al te ra ti ons. Gra de 3 in jury was not de ter mined in any gro ups. C Co on nc c l lu u s si i o on n: : We conc lu ded that ne bu li zed so di um bi car bo na te in cre a ses the se verity of pul mo nary in jury in the short-term. It has no ef fects on the in jury in the long-term.K Ke ey y W Wo or rd ds s: : In ha la ti on ex po su re; so di um bi car bo na te Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Halk ara sın da ça ma şır su yu ve tuz ru hu ola rak bi li nen sod yum hi pok lo rit ve hid rok lorik asit, ge le nek sel ola rak te miz lik ama cı ile kul la nı lır lar. Bu iki sı vı nın ka rış tı rıl ma sı so nu cu klor gazı or ta ya çı kar. Klor ga zı ze hir len me le ri acil ser vi se sık baş vu ru ne den le rin den bi ri si dir. Bu has ta la rın te da vi sin de ana yak la şım semp to ma tik ve des tek le yi ci te da vi dir. Or ta ya çı kan ak ci ğer ha sa rı nı azaltma ya yö ne lik ka bul gör müş spe si fik bir te da vi yak la şı mı yok tur. Ça lış ma mız da, klor ga zı in ha las yonu ile oluş tu ru lan ak ci ğer ha sa rı nın te da vi sin de, kul la nı mı li te ra tür de ...

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“…O cloro é um gás corrosivo, tóxico e comburente (ANPC, 2011), mais denso que o ar (tabela I), tendo sido inclusivamente utilizado como arma de guerra química durante primeira guerra mundial (Winder, 2001) dadas as suas propriedades toxicológicas (tabela II). Pela hora e dia da ocorrência do acidente (cerca das 14h00 de sexta-feira), foram realizados os cálculos da população potencialmente afetada tendo em conta a População Presente, por subsecção, à data dos censos 2011 do INE.…”

Section: Propriedades Do Clorounclassified

Educação geográfica e riscos socioambientais: experiências em atividades de extensão universitaria

Souza¹

Multidimensão E Territórios De Risco

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A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos.Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença.Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra.Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso. Multidimensão e territórios de risco Autor(es):III Congresso Internacional, Guimarães, 2014; I Simpósio IberoAmericano, Guimarães, 2014; VIII Encontro Nacional de Riscos, Guimarães, 2014; Lourenço, Luciano, ed. lit. Publicado por:Imprensa Desta forma, o conhecimento científico sobre a avaliação de risco e a sua implementação são incompletas e parciais, apontando que a resolução de problemas não pode ser realizada unicamente pelo governo ou pela competência exclusiva dos especialistas, mas requer uma outra maneira de entender a avaliação como um processo institucional, plural e participativo para identificar e prevenir os impactos dos riscos emergentes tanto na sociedade como no ambiente. Em outras palavras, os riscos emergentes, assim como outros problemas ambientais, exigem uma compreensão junto às populações expostas, ou seja, junto àqueles que são afetados diretamente por esses problemas e que estão diretamente interessados em sua resolução.questões Metodológicas: desenvolver uma cultura de risco Diante do exposto, nosso projeto visa contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma "cultura de risco" junto aos moradores, que possa lhes permitir melhor viver e morar em cidades expostas ao risco como São Paulo. Entendemos por "cultura de risco" uma concepção ampla da comunicação de risco que associa o conhecimento técnico e científico e o conhecimento da 19Capítulo 1: Teoria, modelos concepTuais e comunicação do risco população. Esta cultura de risco promove as práticas de prevenção, precaução e vigilância que se baseiam na experiência da população exposta. Propomos para o desenvolvimento de uma cultura de risco experimentar métodos para que as populações que vivem em áreas contaminadas de São Paulo 1) façam "a experiência de risco" apesar de seu caráter invisível à experiência humana e antes do evento acontecer 2) possam exercer a sua "reflexividade", ou seja, compreender os efeitos secundários latentes e as dinâmicas de "transbordamento" as quais elas contribuem...

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The Toxicology of Chlorine

Cited by 179 publications

References 61 publications

Post-Exposure Antioxidant Treatment in Rats Decreases Airway Hyperplasia and Hyperreactivity Due to Chlorine Inhalation

Post-Exposure Antioxidant Treatment in Rats Decreases Airway Hyperplasia and Hyperreactivity Due to Chlorine Inhalation

Histopathological Study of Short and Long-Term Pulmonary Effects of Nebulized Sodium Bicarbonate Treatment in Chlorine Gas Exposured Rats

Educação geográfica e riscos socioambientais: experiências em atividades de extensão universitaria

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