The Tracheo-Esophageal Septum – Fact or Fantasy?

Zaw-Tun, H A

doi:10.1159/000145574

Cited by 88 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…The molecular processes that lead to compartmentalization, however, are not fully understood at present, and three main models have been proposed: the Outgrowth model (18, 19), the Watershed model (20), and the Septation model (21, 22). …”

Section: Gross Development Of the Foregut: Models For The Pathogenesimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the Outgrowth model, the trachea sprouts from the primitive foregut and elongates forming the respiratory tube from the larynx to the lungs, while the foregut itself differentiates into the esophagus (18, 19). By contrast, the Watershed model is based on the concept that a mesenchymal septum blocks elongation at the dorso/ventral midline of the foregut, while both trachea and esophagus elongate on the side (20).…”

Section: Gross Development Of the Foregut: Models For The Pathogenesimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Update on Foregut Molecular Embryology and Role of Regenerative Medicine Therapies

et al. 2017

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Esophageal atresia (OA) represents one of the commonest and most severe developmental disorders of the foregut, the most proximal segment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (esophagus and stomach) in embryological terms. Of intrigue is the common origin from this foregut of two very diverse functional entities, the digestive and respiratory systems. OA appears to result from incomplete separation of the ventral and dorsal parts of the foregut during development, resulting in disruption of esophageal anatomy and frequent association with tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Not surprisingly, and likely inherent to OA, are associated abnormalities in components of the enteric neuromusculature and ultimately loss of esophageal functional integrity. An appreciation of such developmental processes and associated defects has not only enhanced our understanding of the etiopathogenesis underlying such devastating defects but also highlighted the potential of novel corrective therapies. There has been considerable progress in the identification and propagation of neural crest stem cells from the GI tract itself or derived from pluripotent cells. Such cells have been successfully transplanted into models of enteric neuropathy confirming their ability to functionally integrate and replenish missing or defective enteric nerves. Combinatorial approaches in tissue engineering hold significant promise for the generation of organ-specific scaffolds such as the esophagus with current initiatives directed toward their cellularization to facilitate optimal function. This chapter outlines the most current understanding of the molecular embryology underlying foregut development and OA, and also explores the promise of regenerative medicine.

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Section: Gross Development Of the Foregut: Models For The Pathogenesimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gross Development Of the Foregut: Models For The Pathogenesimentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on Foregut Molecular Embryology and Role of Regenerative Medicine Therapies

et al. 2017

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“…The origin and role of this septum in tracheal development is controversial. (125). There is evidence that trachea and lung require different signals to form and that during morphogenesis they can develop independently from each other.…”

Section: Development Of Proximal Airwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Regulation of Lung Development

Cardoso

2001

Annu. Rev. Physiol.

228

154

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There is increasing evidence suggesting that formation of the tracheobronchial tree and alveoli results from heterogeneity of the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions along the developing respiratory tract. Recent genetic data support this idea and show that this heterogeneity is likely the result of activation of distinct networks of signaling molecules along the proximal-distal axis. Among these signals, fibroblast growth factors, retinoids, Sonic hedgehog, and transforming growth factors appear to play prominent roles. We discuss how these and other pattern regulators may be involved in initiation, branching, and differentiation of the respiratory system.

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“…5,6 We were also unable to recognize any processes showing the reduction in tracheoesophageal space asserted by Kluth et al 7 Since their experiments were performed in chick embryos, the observed differences might be attributable to the different species, although they did not describe the emergence of a tracheoesophageal septum in their work. Thus, our result is concordant with their observation in this regard.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…1-3 However, there exists some controversy surrounding its details 4,5 and about the actual existence of the septum itself. 6,7 To understand how the foregut differentiates, verification of the abnormal as well as the normal process would be helpful. In 1996, Diez-Pardo and colleagues focused attention on the reported teratogenicity of an antitumoral antibiotic, adriamycin, 8 and established a rat model of TEF similar to human TEF by exposing embryos to this agent prenatally.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Development of Normal Foregut and Tracheoesophageal Fistula in an Adriamycin Rat Model Using Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction

2001

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To examine the developmental process of the normal trachea and esophagus and their maldevelopment leading to tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), we performed three-dimensional (3-D) image reconstruction of the developing foregut in normal and adriamycin (ADM)-induced TEF rats. Microscopic images of serial sections of embryos from seven normal and 14 ADM-treated rats killed every half a day after 11-14 days' gestation were traced and reconstructed using a 3-D construction imaging system (TRI, RATOC System Engineering, Tokyo, Japan). In the normal embryos, the lung bud appeared just below the pharyngeal foregut on day 11 and it elongated caudally to shape into the trachea as they grew. A 'tracheoesophageal septum" did not emerge. In the TEF embryos, although the lung bud appeared in a similar position on day 11, the trachea and esophagus did not separate and only a common foregut tube elongated caudally, then bilateral bronchial primordia emerged directly from it. Furthermore, abnormal development of the notochord was evident, being retarded in separation from the foregut, finally descending along a more ventral course and bending sharply around the level of the bifurcation. Microscopically, less mesenchymal cellularity around the foregut was noted in the TEF embryos. The trachea seemed to be formed only by caudal elongation of the lung bud in the normal embryos. In the ADM-induced TEF embryos, the upper foregut appeared to develop only into the trachea, and this maldevelopment may be implicated in the abnormal interaction between the foregut and the surrounding mesenchyme.

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The Tracheo-Esophageal Septum – Fact or Fantasy?

Cited by 88 publications

References 0 publications

Update on Foregut Molecular Embryology and Role of Regenerative Medicine Therapies

Update on Foregut Molecular Embryology and Role of Regenerative Medicine Therapies

Molecular Regulation of Lung Development

Analysis of the Development of Normal Foregut and Tracheoesophageal Fistula in an Adriamycin Rat Model Using Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction

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