The transformation of environmental activism: Activists, organizations and policy‐making

Environmental Movements in Advanced Industrial Democracies: Heterogeneity, Transformation, and Institutionalization

“…This process, which can be evaluated positively or negatively depending on the specific perspective one embraces, has been documented by various studies (118)(119)(120). Open opportunity structures-for example in terms of privileged access to political decision-making arenas and increasing integration of environmental movement organizations into policy networks-often result in both a moderation of the action repertoires (which in some cases can go as far as a total abandonment of protest activities) and a progressive institutionalization of environmental movements.…”

Environmental movements: From the local to the global

“…Younger people are now more likely to be members or paying supporters of environmental movement organisations (EMOs) than of political parties. As one generation of EMOs becomes established and institutionalised, new, more formally organised networks of environmental activists have emerged [Rootes, 1997b[Rootes, , 1999. 'Eco-warriors' have become folk heroes, not only with young people, but even with sections of a generally conservative press [Paterson, 1997].…”

Neither decline nor sclerosis: The organisational structure of the German environmental movement

“…11 This project compares environmental movements in seven European countries, including Germany.' 2 The first survey focuses on national non-state environmental groups.…”