The transformation of retailing in Asia Pacific

Howard, Elizabeth

doi:10.1080/13602380802399270

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 13 publications

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“…Government regulations related to operations of the retail sector vary widely across the world (Boylaud and Nicoletti 2001). Governments' reform measures and proactive steps play an instrumental role in stimulating the development of the retail industry (Howard 2009;Pilat, 1997). Some examples of such effects can be observed in retail sectors of Japan, Mongolia, Romania, and Russia (Gumbel 2006;Reid 1995).…”

Section: Economic Freedom and Retail Spendingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-National Heterogeneity in Retail Spending

Kshetri

Bebenroth

2012

Journal of Macromarketing

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Economies worldwide vary greatly in terms of how much their consumers spend on various types of retail activities. The purpose of this article is to examine how the regulatory characteristics as well as the natures and strategies of businesses are related to retail spending. Random effect time-series cross-sectional (TSCS) models linear in parameters were employed for forty-eight economies using annual data for the 1999-2008 period. The results provided strong support that economic freedom, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow, and access and availability as measured by the density of retail stores positively affect retail spending. It was also found that tax and social security contributions as a proportion of the gross domestic product (GDP) is positively related to per capita grocery retail spending.

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Section: Economic Freedom and Retail Spendingmentioning

confidence: 99%