The transient receptor potential family of ion channels

Abstract

SummaryThe transient receptor potential (TRP) multigene superfamily encodes integral membrane proteins that function as ion channels. Members of this family are conserved in yeast, invertebrates and vertebrates. The TRP family is subdivided into seven subfamilies: TRPC (canonical), TRPV (vanilloid), TRPM (melastatin), TRPP (polycystin), TRPML (mucolipin), TRPA (ankyrin) and TRPN (NOMPC-like); the latter is found only in invertebrates and fish. TRP ion channels are widely expressed in many different tissues and cell types, where they are involved in diverse physiological processes, such as sensation of different stimuli or ion homeostasis. Most TRPs are non-selective cation channels, only few are highly Ca2+ selective, some are even permeable for highly hydrated Mg2+ ions. This channel family shows a variety of gating mechanisms, with modes of activation ranging from ligand binding, voltage and changes in temperature to covalent modifications of nucleophilic residues. Activated TRP channels cause depolarization of the cellular membrane, which in turn activates voltage-dependent ion channels, resulting in a change of intracellular Ca2+ concentration; they serve as gatekeeper for transcellular transport of several cations (such as Ca2+ and Mg2+), and are required for the function of intracellular organelles (such as endosomes and lysosomes). Because of their function as intracellular Ca2+ release channels, they have an important regulatory role in cellular organelles. Mutations in several TRP genes have been implicated in diverse pathological states, including neurodegenerative disorders, skeletal dysplasia, kidney disorders and pain, and ongoing research may help find new therapies for treatments of related diseases.

Structure of mammalian endolysosomal TRPML1 channel in nanodiscs

“…1b and Fig. 3e), a characteristic feature of group 2 TRP channels including TRPML and TRPP 25,26 (Extended Data Fig. 8).…”

Control of cell mechanics by RhoA and calcium fluxes during epithelial scattering

“…34 Various TRP channels are involved in cancer progression that recapitulates EMT. TRPC6 has been shown to have a role in HGF-induced cellular processes.…”

Inseparable tandem: evolution chooses ATP and Ca2+to control life, death and cellular signalling

“…transient). Mammals possess 28 TRP channels classified into six subfamilies: TRPC (canonical), TRPV (vanilloid), TRPM (melastatin), TRPA (ankyrin), TRPML (mucolipin) and TRPP ( polycystin) [119,120]. The TRP channels are widely distributed between different cell types and may be present in plasmalemma as well as in endomembranes (with only nucleus and mitochondrion being devoid of them).…”

“…The TRP channels are widely distributed between different cell types and may be present in plasmalemma as well as in endomembranes (with only nucleus and mitochondrion being devoid of them). The TRP channels are strictly cationic with highly variable Ca 2þ permeability; some TRP channels can conduct Mg 2þ [119,120]. The intracellular TRP channels may mediate Ca 2þ release from the stores; plasmalemmal TRP channels can be linked to intracellular Ca 2þ release through a store-operated mechanism [120].…”