The transition from paid to self-employment in Canada: the importance of push factors

Abstract

The share of self-employment in total employment has been growing in Canada throughout the 1990s. Recent research for Canada and elsewhere suggests that some workers may be ‘pushed’ into self-employment as a response to inadequate opportunities in the paid sector. Examining transitions from paid work to selfemployment using the Labour Market Activity Survey, this push hypothesis is tested using a number of indicators of the economic opportunities facing the newly selfemployed. It is found: (i) longer spells of joblessness favour self-employment, (ii) workers who collect unemployment benefits between jobs are less likely to become self-employed than are workers who did not, (iii) workers who left their previous, paid jobs involuntarily - i.e., due to layoff - were more likely to become selfemployed than those who left voluntarily, but less likely than workers who specified personal reasons for leaving, and (iv) self-employment decisions are independent of the health of the labour market as measured by the unemployment rate. These results are generally consistent with the push hypothesis but provide more ambiguous evidence than found in some other studies.

Microentrepreneurship and the Business Cycle: Is Self-Employment a Desired Outcome?

“…with and without employees) from unemployment, but a similar pattern can be obtained in this case. 26 To summarize, our econometric results add to the accumulated evidence that link own-account activities to employment of last resort. Such refuge may either permanent or temporary.…”

“…Because of the extreme macroeconomic fluctuations that occurred in Argentina in the past 15 years, using data from this 26 Results are available on request.…”

Entrepreneurship Motivation: Tunisian Case

“…According to these sociological and psychological considerations, for women to be entrepreneur is conducted by personal behaviour, but the environment constraints operate only as stimulus and incentives. In others words we could not consider women as "forced entrepreneurs", term used by GEM [29][30][31][32], but entrepreneurs by conviction, in others terms the entrepreneurship represent very interested alternative for women to realize their selves and their needs. Emotions are no strange from our environment and context; they aren't entirely individual and biologically but also social.…”

Potansi̇yel Gi̇ri̇şi̇mci̇ Olan Kadinlarin Moti̇vasyon Faktörleri̇ Ve Eski̇şehi̇r De Bi̇r Araştirma

“…Çeken faktörleri bağımsızlık, onay alma ihtiyacı, kendini gerçekleĢtirme, kendini geliĢtirme ihtiyacı, özerklik, finansal baĢarı, refah düzeyinin arttırılma isteği, tanınma, rol modellerini izleme, iĢ ve özel yaĢamı dengeleme olarak belirtmek mümkündür (Carter ve diğerleri, 2003;Hughes, 2003;Shane, Kolvereid and Westhead, 1991;Birley, Westhead, 1994). Bu bağlamda iĢ tatminsizliği, algılanan ayrımcılık, terfi edilmeme, ücretten duyulan memnuniyetsizlik, iĢsizlik, iten motivasyon faktörleri olarak değerlendirilmektedir (Hisrich, Brush, 1987;Buttner, Moore, 1997;Moore and Mueller, 2002). Özellikle araĢtırmalarda bağımsızlık faktörü ile çok sık karĢılaĢılmaktadır; cinsiyet bağlamında hem kadın hem de erkek için kuvvetli bir faktör olan bağımsızlık, kendi zamanını ayarlama, aile ve özel yaĢamında esneklik tanıma ve kendi fikirlerini iĢte uygulama gibi nedenleri de içine alabileceğinden, motivasyon faktörleri arasında ilk sıralarda yer almaktadır (Shane, Kolvereid and Westhead, 1991;Still, Timms, 2000;Feldman, Bolino, 2000).…”