The transmission of gender stereotypes through televised patterns of nonverbal bias.

Lamer, Sarah Ariel; Dvorak, Paige; Biddle, Ashley M.; Pauker, Kristin; Weisbuch, Max

doi:10.1037/pspi0000390

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…In addition to the political propositions from the government, adolescents and younger generations in general seem to be concerned with questions of gender norms and gender fluidity (Bragg et al, 2018). Indeed, through traditional as well as social media, adolescents are increasingly exposed to content that deals with gender expressions or stereotypes or that questions the traditional binary vision of gender (Gravillon, 2022; for recent work on the role of media in transmission of gender stereotypes, see Lamer et al, 2022). Adolescents are now more aware than ever of discourse around questions of gender identity such as transgender identity, non-binary identification, and overall non-adherence to traditional gender norms (Bragg et al, 2018).…”

Section: Positive Reactions To Counter-stereotypicalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, it might not be that individuals' perception of counter-stereotypicality has become more positive, but rather that negative treatment of counter-stereotypical peers might now be extremely socially undesirable, as communicated by peers and or (social) media. Indeed, past research dealing with gender stereotypes and gendered behavior has shown the importance of considering the role of larger intersubjective norms in predicting individual behavior (Lamer et al, 2022). Thus, studying the current adolescent/school norms in France regarding perception and treatment of counter-stereotypical individuals-such as the acceptability of sanctioning these individuals-would be a worthwhile endeavor and might shed some light on current trends of gender discrimination in adolescence.…”

Section: Positive Reactions To Counter-stereotypicalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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How are gender counter-stereotypical adolescents evaluated by their peers? Investigating the backlash effect in French schools

Meimoun,

Bonnot,

Berenguer

et al. 2023

Soc Psychol Educ

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Research on the backlash effect has long studied the social sanctions that individuals impose on those who do not conform to stereotypical expectations. Specifically, research has focused on reactions to gender stereotype violations. Studies have shown that adults, adolescents, and even children will sanction others when they fail to conform to gender stereotypes. The present pre-registered research (https://tinyurl.com/4epypv3a) studied this gender backlash among adolescents in French middle and high-schools. For this study, we were also interested in exploring the moderating role of participants’ socioeconomic status in their expression of backlash. We created four profiles of adolescents presenting their candidacy for a school representative role. The profiles varied in the personality traits and behaviors they contained (stereotypically feminine vs. masculine) and the gender of the target (boy vs. girl). A sample of 840 participants between the ages of 13 and 18 rated the target adolescent on measures intended to capture backlash, as well as gender stereotypicality items. Using multilevel models to analyze our data, we did not find evidence of backlash as hypothesized. However, unexpectedly, on a measure of perception of arrogance, we found that participants judged a counter-stereotypical target more positively than a stereotypical target. Furthermore, we also found evidence that, compared to stereotypical targets, counter-stereotypical targets were judged more competent, mostly by high SES adolescents. Possible methodological and theoretical explanations for these results are discussed, as well as implications for future research on the backlash effect, particularly among adolescents.

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Section: Positive Reactions To Counter-stereotypicalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Positive Reactions To Counter-stereotypicalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

How are gender counter-stereotypical adolescents evaluated by their peers? Investigating the backlash effect in French schools

Meimoun,

Bonnot,

Berenguer

et al. 2023

Soc Psychol Educ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Developmental environment and experiences are also theorized to influence a person's current and future prejudices. For example, nonverbal behaviors toward actors of different genders on television (and presumably other forms of media) can shape viewers' stereotypes (Lamer et al, 2022). Conversations with one's parents and role models about race-related issues can also shape attitudes (Perry et al, 2022).…”

Section: Socialization Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the results of the present approach will essentially reflect the state of the field: If the field has not developed reliable methods of capturing such a construct, they will not be present in our analyses, and any variance that could be attributable to those specific constructs will remain unexplained. A nonexhaustive list of constructs we believe fall into this general category includes structural components of the environment (Murphy & Walton, 2013; Trawalter et al, 2020), socialization processes (Perry et al, 2022), historical context (Payne et al, 2019), and media exposure (Lamer et al, 2022).…”

Section: The Present Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prejudice model 1.0: A predictive model of prejudice.

Hehman,

Neel

2024

Psychological Review

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The present research develops a predictive model of prejudice. For nearly a century, psychology and other fields have sought to scientifically understand and describe the causes of prejudice. Numerous theories of prejudice now exist. Yet these theories are overwhelmingly defined verbally and thus lack the ability to precisely predict when and to what extent prejudice will emerge. The abundance of theory also raises the possibility of undetected overlap between constructs theorized to cause prejudice. Predictive models enable falsification and provide a way for the field to move forward. To this end, here we present 18 studies with ∼5,000 participants in seven phases of model development. After initially identifying major theorized causes of prejudice in the literature, we used a model selection approach to winnow constructs into a parsimonious predictive model of prejudice (Phases I and II). We confirm this model in a preregistered outof-sample test (Phase III), test variations in operationalizations and boundary conditions (Phases IV and V), and test generalizability on a U.S. representative sample, an Indian sample, and a U.K. sample (Phase VI). Finally, we consulted the predictions of experts in the field to examine how well they align with our results (Phase VII). We believe this initial predictive model is limited and bad, but by developing a model that makes highly specific predictions, drawing on the state of the art, we hope to provide a foundation from which research can build to improve science of prejudice.

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“…Considering therapists’ role, the American Psychological Association recently issued guidelines for mental health practitioners to challenge and resist “traditional” masculinity beliefs in their work with boys and men (Barber et al, 2019). At a broader level, media might consider the extent to which they encourage gender norms resistance by “queering TV” (Boisvert, 2020) versus perpetuating gender stereotypes that influence children’s thinking about gender categories (Lamer et al, 2022).…”

Section: Empirical Theoretical and Practical Implications And Conside...mentioning

confidence: 99%

When Is Masculinity “Fragile”? An Expectancy-Discrepancy-Threat Model of Masculine Identity

Stanaland

Gaither

Gassman‐Pines

2023

Pers Soc Psychol Rev

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Academic Abstract Manhood is a precarious social status. Under perceived gender identity threat, men are disproportionately likely to enact certain stereotype-consistent responses such as aggression to maintain their gender status. Yet less is known regarding individual variation in men’s threat responsiveness—that is, the psychological conditions under which one’s masculine identity is more or less “fragile.” We propose a novel model of masculine identity whereby masculine norm expectancy generates discrepancy within the self to the extent that rigid norms are internalized as obligational (actual-ought discrepancy) versus aspirational (actual-ideal discrepancy), which predict extrinsic versus intrinsic motivations to reduce these discrepancies, respectively. Under threat, then, extrinsic motivations predict externalized responses (e.g., aggression), and intrinsic motivations elicit internalized responses (e.g., anxiety, shame, self-harm). We also consider the conditions under which masculinity may be less fragile—for example, in contexts with less rigid expectations and among men who reject expectations—as pathways to mitigate adverse masculinity threat-related outcomes. Public Abstract In many cultures, men prove their manhood by engaging in behaviors that harm themselves and others (e.g., violence, sexism, homophobia), particularly people from marginalized groups. Yet less is known about why some men are more likely than others to enact these masculinity-proving behaviors. The goal of our model is to specify certain conditions under which masculinities become “fragile” and elicit these responses when under threat. We start by describing the rigid expectations men experience—for example, that they are strong and tough. We propose that these expectations cause men to experience different forms of discrepancy within themselves that produce corresponding motivations to reduce these discrepancies. Under threat, motivations driven by others’ expectations elicit outward attempts to restore masculine status (e.g., aggression), whereas motivations driven by self-ideals cause internalized responses (e.g., shame, self-harm). We conclude by discussing how to reduce these discrepancies, such as mitigating the rigidity of and encouraging men’s resistance to masculinity expectations.

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The transmission of gender stereotypes through televised patterns of nonverbal bias.

Cited by 7 publications

References 106 publications

How are gender counter-stereotypical adolescents evaluated by their peers? Investigating the backlash effect in French schools

How are gender counter-stereotypical adolescents evaluated by their peers? Investigating the backlash effect in French schools

Prejudice model 1.0: A predictive model of prejudice.

When Is Masculinity “Fragile”? An Expectancy-Discrepancy-Threat Model of Masculine Identity

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