The Transmission of<i>Trypanosoma Vivax</i>by<i>Glossina Palpalis</i>

Fairbairn, H.; Watson, H. J. C.

doi:10.1080/00034983.1955.11685673

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Squire (1951Squire ( , 1954, however, considered that in Sierra Leone mean age was not the responsible factor, which he thought might possibly be climatic. Fairbairn & Watson (1955) pointed out that the data of Lloyd & others (1924) showed a statistically significant correlation between median temperature and the percentage of individuals of G. morsitans infected with T. vivax two months later, a time lag which might be due to the action of temperature on the pupa. In addition, Fairbairn & Watson (1955) found that lower adult-maintenance temperatures resulted both in an increased rate of infection of G. palpalis palpalis with T. vivax and also gave better survival in the laboratory.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Temperature also influences the proportion of adult flies acquiring infection from infected hosts, and acts at two stages of the life-cycle. Higher temperatures during the pupal stage result in greater infection rates with T. rhodesiense (fcrwcei-group) and T. vivax (Burtt, 1946;Fairbairn & Watson, 1955). Higher temperatures during the adult stage have the same effect on the infection rate with T. rhodesiense (Fairbairn & Culwick, 1950), but apparently diminish the infection rate with T. vivax (Fairbairn & Watson, 1955).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Higher temperatures during the pupal stage result in greater infection rates with T. rhodesiense (fcrwcei-group) and T. vivax (Burtt, 1946;Fairbairn & Watson, 1955). Higher temperatures during the adult stage have the same effect on the infection rate with T. rhodesiense (Fairbairn & Culwick, 1950), but apparently diminish the infection rate with T. vivax (Fairbairn & Watson, 1955). However, the evidence from the field is that flies of the group of G. morsitans (Buxton, 1955, p. 14) have higher infection rates with vivax-and congolense-type infections in areas of higher temperatures (Ford & Leggate, 1961), this apparently being the net result of the action of temperature on both pupa and adult.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonal and diurnal variations in physiological age and trypanosome infection rate of females of Glossina pallidipes Aust., G. palpalis fuscipes Newst. and G. brevipalpis Newst

Harley¹

1966

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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A series of 24-hr. catches of Glossina from bait-oxen was carried out during 16 months in 1962–63 at Lugala, Uganda, where G. pallidipes Aust., G. palpalis fuscipes Newst. and G. brevipalpis Newst. occur. Female flies were dissected to determine their physiological age and the presence or absence of trypanosomes. Five age-categories were distinguished, depending on whether a fly had ovulated 0, 1, 2, 3 or more (4 + ) times. Flies remained in each of the first four categories for about 11 days and the fifth therefore comprised those over 40–50 days old. Trypanosome infections were classified as brucei-type, vivax-iype or congolense-type (i.e., attributable to trypanosomes of the groups of Trypanosoma brucei, T. vivax and T. congolense) according to the sites in which they were found.In all three species of Glossina, vivax-tjpe infections were commonest and alone showed seasonal fluctuations in incidence. Infections of the brucei-type were rare. The total infection rate (all types) in G. pallidipes and G. palpalis fuscipes was highest in or immediately after months of greatest rainfall and relatively lower in dry months; the highest infection rates in G. brevipalpis occurred a month later than those of the other two species. Over 80 per cent, of infections in all three were found in category 4+ flies, the percentage of which in the catches varied in much the same way as the total infection rate, suggesting not only that the flies live longest during wet periods but also that fluctuations of infection rate are largely due to changes in mean age. The regression of total infection rate on percentage of category 4 + flies was significant for G. palpalis fuscipes over 14 months, and for G. pallidipes over 12 months, but insignificant for G. brevipalpis.The age-composition of catches of G. pallidipes and G. brevipalpis but not G. palpalis fuscipes varied during the day. In G. pallidipes, the percentage of older flies was higher in the middle of the day than in the early morning and late evening, and these contrasts were reflected in the infection rate, which was highest in samples taken in the middle of the day. In G. brevipalpis, the percentage of oldier flies and also the infection rate were lower during the night than during the day.Estimates were made of the mean number of bites by infected females that would be received by one ox in one day. The number varied from month to month, with peaks shortly after periods of high rainfall, mainly as a result of changes in fly density and relatively little as a result of changes in infection rate. G. pallidipes, the most numerous species, was responsible for most of the potentially infective bites.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonal and diurnal variations in physiological age and trypanosome infection rate of females of Glossina pallidipes Aust., G. palpalis fuscipes Newst. and G. brevipalpis Newst

Harley¹

1966

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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“…In female flies, the infection rate is governed both by the pupal temperature and the temperature of fly-maintenance " (Fairbairn & Culwick, 1950). Fairbairn & Watson (1955) (L 1671) B found that the infection rate of T. vivax in G. palpalis (E.-D.) increased with increasing pupal-maintenance temperature but decreased with increasing flymaintenance temperature. Under field conditions the relationship between local temperatures and trypanosome infection rates in tsetse was first noted by Kinghorn, Yorke & Lloyd (1913) in Northern Rhodesia, who found that 0. morsitans was more readily infected in the hotter of two areas.…”

Section: Some {Actors Affecting Trypanosome Infection Rates In Glossinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Trypanosome infection rates inGlossina morsitans submorsitansNewst. in Northern Nigeria

Jordan

1964

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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Previous records and new data on trypanosome infection rates inGlossina morsitans submorsitansNewst. in Northern Nigeria are presented, and discussed in relation to the hosts fed on by this tsetse fly. The new observations were carried out in three areas: at Mando and Gamagira, both lying in a fly-belt north of Kaduna, and in the Yankari Game Reserve in Bauchi Province.Infection rates were obtained by dissection of flies, and the trypanosomes were identified by their locus; the validity of this method of identification is discussed. All infections withTrypanosomaspp. were attributable either to thevivaxgroup or to theconrgolensegroup; nobrucen-group trypanosomes were identified. More than 260 flies from each area were examined during March 1962, at the end of the dry season, and similar numbers during October 1962, at the end of the wet season.There was no significant difference between dry-season and wet-season infection rates in any area. Taking the two seasons together, the rate at Yankari (12%) was significantly higher than the rates at Mando (5%) and Gamagira (3%), which did not differ significantly. These contrasting infection rates could be related to the host species principally fed on by flies in the different areas as shown by blood-meal determinations. The lowest infection rates occurred where Suidae furnished a high proportion of meals (Mando, 51%; Gamagira, 67%) and Bovidae a small proportion (Mando, 16%; Gamagira, 9%). The high infection rate at Yankari was associated with a high proportion of Bovid meals (53%), especially from buffalo (Syncerus nanus) and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), and a lower proportion of Suid meals (33%). For the three areas the relationship between infection rate and percentage of Bovid meals was statistically significant.The species groups of infecting trypanosomes showed further contrasts between the three areas which were unrelated to the total infection rates. At Gamagira, 81 per cent, of infections werecongolensegroup, and this proportion was significantly higher than that at Mando (45%) or Yankari (37%). The differences could be related to the types of host from which blood-meals were principally derived. The highest proportion ofcongolense-group infections occurred where the highest percentage of meals came from Suidae (Gamagira, 67%), and lower proportions occurred at Mando and Yankari where Suid feeds were relatively fewer (51% and 33%, respectively).These findings are discussed in the light of existing evidence on the factors governing infection rates inGlossina. It is concluded that, within the over-riding influence exerted by temperature through geographical latitude, infection rates are determined by the type of host that forms the principal source of food. In some populations of Glossina the influence of the nature of the main food source can be sufficient to obscure the general effect of temperature in determining the level of infection. Some of the reasons for these relationships are discussed.

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“…A range of intrinsic and extrinsic factors among which environmental conditions, have been identified to affect the tsetse's susceptibility to trypanosomal infections and, thus affect the overall infection rate of the tsetse population (Leak, 1998;Aksoy et al, 2003;Macleod et al, 2007). For example, infection rates in tsetse flies are positively correlated with ambient temperature to which puparia or adult flies are exposed (Taylor, 1932;Burtt, 1946;Fairbairn and Watson, 1955;Ndegwa et al, 1992). Moreover, high ambient temperatures shorten the duration of the development cycle within tsetse (Fairbairn and Culwick, 1950).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional stress of adult female tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) affects the susceptibility of their offspring to trypanosomal infections

et al. 2009

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Please cite this article in press as: Akoda, K., et al., Nutritional stress of adult female tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) affects the susceptibility of their offspring to trypanosomal infections. Acta Trop. (2009) a b s t r a c tThe epidemiology of tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis depends, among other factors, on the proportion of infected flies in a tsetse population. A wide range of intrinsic and extrinsic factors seem to determine the ability of a tsetse fly to become infected and to transmit the parasite. In this paper, we investigated the effect of nutritional stress of reproducing female Glossina morsitans morsitans on the susceptibility of their offspring to trypanosomal infections. Adult female flies that were nutritionally stressed by feeding only once a week, produced pupae with a significant lower weight and offspring with a significant lower fat content as well as a lower baseline immune peptide gene expression. Moreover, infection experiments showed that the emerging teneral flies were significantly more susceptible to a Trypanosoma congolense or Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection than flies emerging from non-starved adult females. These findings suggest that in the field, substantial nutritional stress of adult tsetse flies, as is often experienced during the hot dry season, can increase significantly the vectorial capacity of the emerging teneral flies and thus result in an increased infection rate of the tsetse population.

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The Transmission ofTrypanosoma VivaxbyGlossina Palpalis

Cited by 16 publications

References 12 publications

Seasonal and diurnal variations in physiological age and trypanosome infection rate of females of Glossina pallidipes Aust., G. palpalis fuscipes Newst. and G. brevipalpis Newst

Seasonal and diurnal variations in physiological age and trypanosome infection rate of females of Glossina pallidipes Aust., G. palpalis fuscipes Newst. and G. brevipalpis Newst

Trypanosome infection rates inGlossina morsitans submorsitansNewst. in Northern Nigeria

Nutritional stress of adult female tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) affects the susceptibility of their offspring to trypanosomal infections

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