The Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on the Ocular Surface and Prevention Strategies

Kitazawa, Koji; Deinhardt‐Emmer, Stefanie; Inomata, Takenori; Deshpande, Sharvari; Sotozono, Chie

doi:10.3390/cells10040796

Cited by 30 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 144 publications

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“…The host-pathogen interaction occurs within the viral spike protein and the human membrane receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with the involvement of the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) ( Hoffmann et al, 2020 ; Zhao et al, 2020 ; Kaplan et al, 2021 ). As main functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2, ACE2 has been detected in variety of human tissues ( Bartolak-Suki et al, 2021 ; Li and Qin, 2021 ) including enterocytes, ciliated cells both in upper and lower airways, type II alveolar pneumocytes ( Zhao et al, 2020 ; Bartolak-Suki et al, 2021 ) and conjunctival and corneal cells ( Kitazawa et al, 2021 ; Ma et al, 2021 ; Sasamoto et al, 2021 ) . ACE2-virus interaction results into unrestrained ACE2 downregulation ( Hoffmann et al, 2020 ) leading to alteration of key physiological pathways and overall resulting in the clinical spectrum of COVID-19.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

p53/NF-kB Balance in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: From OMICs, Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Insights to Tailored Therapeutic Perspectives (COVIDomics)

et al. 2022

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SARS-CoV-2 infection affects different organs and tissues, including the upper and lower airways, the lung, the gut, the olfactory system and the eye, which may represent one of the gates to the central nervous system. Key transcriptional factors, such as p53 and NF-kB and their reciprocal balance, are altered upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as other key molecules such as the virus host cell entry mediator ACE2, member of the RAS-pathway. These changes are thought to play a central role in the impaired immune response, as well as in the massive cytokine release, the so-called cytokine storm that represents a hallmark of the most severe form of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Host genetics susceptibility is an additional key side to consider in a complex disease as COVID-19 characterized by such a wide range of clinical phenotypes. In this review, we underline some molecular mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 modulates p53 and NF-kB expression and activity in order to maximize viral replication into the host cells. We also face the RAS-pathway unbalance triggered by virus-ACE2 interaction to discuss potential pharmacological and pharmacogenomics approaches aimed at restoring p53/NF-kB and ACE1/ACE2 balance to counteract the most severe forms of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

p53/NF-kB Balance in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: From OMICs, Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Insights to Tailored Therapeutic Perspectives (COVIDomics)

et al. 2022

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“…The resultant findings can then be utilized in preventative, predictive, and personalized medicine. Especially concerning the demand on nonintrusive healthcare that functions within one's daily life during the ongoing-and post-SARS-CoV-2 pandemic era 63,64) , digital phenotyping with mHealth devices may help push the boundaries of the prospective global healthcare paradigm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-hierarchical Integrative Research Network for Heterogenetic Eye Disease Toward P4 Medicine: A Narrative Review

Inomata

Sung

Nakamura

et al. 2021

Juntendo Medical Journal

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Society 5.0, a visionary human-centered societal model, fuels economic development and resolves long-standing social problems. The model establishes a technological foundation and social contract to integrate cyberspace into the physical (real) space fully. The medical infrastructure outlined by the model envisions a healthcare paradigm that revolves around preventative, lifelong patient-and population-centered care that functions seamlessly within one's daily life.In satisfying this goal, cross-hierarchical integrative data-driven biological research has received attention due to medical big data and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, capable of highly accurate and rapid data analysis. However, the collection of big data has been a bottleneck, and the capability of AI analysis is not being utilized to its full potential. In solving this obstacle, we explore mobile health (mHealth) and multi-omics as two rich sources of medical big data. Additionally, we discuss the implications of cross-hierarchical integrative analysis that encompasses all levels of cellular function, from intracellular molecular dynamics to end-phenotypes. This is to understand ocular disease pathology and implement the pillars of P4 (predictive, personalized, preventative, participatory) medicine toward human-centered healthcare.Here, we discuss notable studies in utilizing mHealth to stratify subjective symptoms, presentations of dry eye disease, and employing multi-omics machine learning targeted at elucidating immunologic mechanisms of corneal allograft rejection and ocular inflammation. We also discuss the role of cross-hierarchical integrative data-driven research in promoting futureoriented healthcare envisioned by the Society 5.0 plan.

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“…It is known that virus transmission via the ocular surface is possible and therefore any close work with the eye warrants extra caution. 17 In addition, in low-income countries, patients were provided with disinfectants. 18,19 Recommendations for the ophthalmological sector included intensive cleaning of instruments (slit lamps and lenses) after each patient 20 and avoidance of on-contact tonometry 21 because of the possibility of aerosolisation of virus particles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role and Views of Ophthalmologists During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Ziemssen¹,

Kortuem²,

Kortüm³

2021

OPTH

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Purpose The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic forced ophthalmologists to adjust their working conditions to ensure patient and staff safety, while still providing effective and timely treatment. This international survey among ophthalmologists was initiated to capture what actions ophthalmologists were taking and what their opinions were on the risks of infection in their workplace, the delay in treatment, the use of telemedicine and telephone for appointments, and the regional specifications and measures implemented by the respective authorities. Methods An open-source web tool was used to develop an online survey, to which ophthalmologists worldwide were invited via e-mail using international mailing lists (Media Mice, Singapore; Texere Publishing Inc, USA; CGO Gerling) and incentivized using a lottery. The physicians provided their level of agreement relating to the offered statements and gave free answers to the questions regarding the actions taken (conducted November 5th 2020 to December 20th 2020). Results After 91,000 invitations, responses were collected from 1122 ophthalmologists. Despite the use of large international mailing lists, mainly doctors from Europe participated. Half of the participants expressed great concern about possible SARS-CoV-2 infection in their patients. A significant number of younger ophthalmologists (≤50 years: 76.9%, n = 313; >50 years: 69.6%, n = 181) feared the delays that COVID-19 could cause to treatment. Reductions in patient numbers were broadly observed, with more ophthalmologists of younger age reporting greater declines. Nearly all ophthalmologists indicated that they provided disinfectant and the majority also used masks and questionnaires for screening. For 60.3% (n = 412) of ophthalmologists, telephone calls reduced the risk of ‘no-shows’; 71.6% (n = 497) disagreed that telemedical evaluation is possible without slit lamp findings and fundus photos; and 57.0% of participants felt content with the governmental measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly influenced the work of ophthalmologists. Based on the limited response rate, certain statements were only possible to evaluate for the European Union: with a noticeable reduction in patient numbers, delay in treatment was a major worry. Measures to protect and reassure patients should be undertaken, especially regarding those with vision-threatening diseases requiring treatment.

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The Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on the Ocular Surface and Prevention Strategies

Cited by 30 publications

References 144 publications

p53/NF-kB Balance in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: From OMICs, Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Insights to Tailored Therapeutic Perspectives (COVIDomics)

p53/NF-kB Balance in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: From OMICs, Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Insights to Tailored Therapeutic Perspectives (COVIDomics)

Cross-hierarchical Integrative Research Network for Heterogenetic Eye Disease Toward P4 Medicine: A Narrative Review

The Role and Views of Ophthalmologists During the COVID-19 Pandemic

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