The Transmission of Western Equine Encephalitis Virus by the Mosquito Culex Tarsalis Coq 1,2

Barnett, Herbert C.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1956.5.86

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…The incrimination of a pathogen vector requires demonstrating that the species feeds on humans, an association in time and space between the species and the occurrence of human infections, repeated isolation of the pathogen from the species, and the transmission of the pathogen by the species under controlled experimental conditions [1]. Fundamental to the process of incrimination is an ability to resolve and identify species effectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multi-locus approach to barcoding in the Anopheles strodei subgroup (Diptera: Culicidae)

Bourke¹,

Oliveira²,

Suesdek³

et al. 2013

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundThe ability to successfully identify and incriminate pathogen vectors is fundamental to effective pathogen control and management. This task is confounded by the existence of cryptic species complexes. Molecular markers can offer a highly effective means of species identification in such complexes and are routinely employed in the study of medical entomology. Here we evaluate a multi-locus system for the identification of potential malaria vectors in the Anopheles strodei subgroup.MethodsLarvae, pupae and adult mosquitoes (n = 61) from the An. strodei subgroup were collected from 21 localities in nine Brazilian states and sequenced for the COI, ITS2 and white gene. A Bayesian phylogenetic approach was used to describe the relationships in the Strodei Subgroup and the utility of COI and ITS2 barcodes was assessed using the neighbor joining tree and “best close match” approaches.ResultsBayesian phylogenetic analysis of the COI, ITS2 and white gene found support for seven clades in the An. strodei subgroup. The COI and ITS2 barcodes were individually unsuccessful at resolving and identifying some species in the Subgroup. The COI barcode failed to resolve An. albertoi and An. strodei but successfully identified approximately 92% of all species queries, while the ITS2 barcode failed to resolve An. arthuri and successfully identified approximately 60% of all species queries. A multi-locus COI-ITS2 barcode, however, resolved all species in a neighbor joining tree and successfully identified all species queries using the “best close match” approach.ConclusionsOur study corroborates the existence of An. albertoi, An. CP Form and An. strodei in the An. strodei subgroup and identifies four species under An. arthuri informally named A-D herein. The use of a multi-locus barcode is proposed for species identification, which has potentially important utility for vector incrimination. Individuals previously found naturally infected with Plasmodium vivax in the southern Amazon basin and reported as An. strodei are likely to have been from An. arthuri C identified in this study.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multi-locus approach to barcoding in the Anopheles strodei subgroup (Diptera: Culicidae)

Bourke¹,

Oliveira²,

Suesdek³

et al. 2013

Parasites Vectors

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“…Many arthropod species have been tested in the laboratory for their susceptibility to virus iiifection and for their ability to transmit, and certain mosquitoes associated with liirds have been indicted as vectors.'. [9][10][11][12][13] Antibody and virus isolation studies in wild vertebrates have indicated the field host ranges, and virus isolations from field-caught mosquitoes have revealed those species that. actually feed upon infected animals under natural conditions.'.…”

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confidence: 99%

Vector Relationships of the Arthropod‐borne Encephalitides in North America

Chamberlain

1958

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Although much remains to be learned about the ecology of the arthropodbornc encephalitides in North America, past and recent studies have provided considerable knowledge of these diseases. Iiifectioii in horses and man has been associated with large mosquito populations and infection in wild birds, and birds have been shown to be important hosts.'-!' Many arthropod species have been tested in the laboratory for their susceptibility to virus iiifection and for their ability to transmit, and certain mosquitoes associated with liirds have been indicted as vectors.'. 9-13 Antibody and virus isolation studies in wild vertebrates have indicated the field host ranges, and virus isolations from field-caught mosquitoes have revealed those species that. actually feed upon infected animals under natural conditions.'. 3 , ~7 14-21Further information on the feeding habits of mosquitoes has been gained through field and laboratory observations and precipitin tests on naturally acquired blood meals. Correlation of mosquito susceptibility with viremias attained in various vertebrates has furnished clues concerning favorable host-vector combinations.'O> 22 These are only a few of the important contributions that have been made.As a result of these contributions, certain vector relationships nom appear reasonably clear. By making the most of this kriowledge, a logical sclection of the most probable vectors is possible.Eastern equine eiacephalitis ( E E E ) . Field investigations suggest strongly that the foci of EEE infection are fresh-water swamps. Outbreaks of EEE iii horses or man have generaliy originated in the vicinity of swamps, and the presence of the virus in birds and mosyuitoes during intraepidemic and intraepizootic periods has been established in swampy areas. A high proportion of swamp-inhabiting birds becomes immune during the transmission season, and numerous isolations of virus have been made from their blood.". l5. na

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“…Although vertical (including transovarial) transmission is well documented in various bunyaviruses, rhabdoviruses, and flaviviruses vectored by ticks and mosquitoes (Watts and Eldridge 1975, Mims 1981, Tesh 1984, Turell 1988, Danielová et al 2002, Nuttall and Labuda 2003), WEEV is the only alphavirus in which vertical transmission has been found, first being detected in mosquito eggs in the laboratory (Kissling et al 1957, Thomas 1963) and then in field-collected mosquito larvae (Fulhorst et al 1994, but see Reisen et al 1996, Kramer et al 1998). Experimental evidence indicates that most alphaviruses are rarely transmitted directly from a female mosquito to her progeny, if at all (Barnett 1956, Chamberlain et al 1956, Chamberlain and Sudia 1957, Henderson and Brust 1977, Morris and Srihongse 1978, Sprance 1981, Kay 1982, Clark et al 1985, Scherer et al 1986). Experiments are necessary to definitively establish that swallow bug eggs infected with BCRV hatch and produce infected instars, although our finding of BCRV in early-stage instars in other studies (C. Brown et al, unpublished data) suggests that infection of progeny might occur.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation of Buggy Creek Virus (Togaviridae: Alphavirus) From Field-Collected Eggs of <I>Oeciacus vicarius</I> (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

Brown¹,

Moore²,

Young³

et al. 2009

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Alphaviruses (Togaviridae) rarely have been found to be vertically transmitted from female arthropods to their progeny. We report two isolations of Buggy Creek virus (BCRV), an ecologically unusual alphavirus related to western equine encephalomyelitis virus, from field-collected eggs of cimicid swallow bugs (Oeciacus vicarius Horvath), the principal vector for BCRV. Ten percent of egg pools were positive for BCRV, and we estimated minimum infection rates to be 1.03 infected eggs per 1,000 tested. The results show potential vertical transmission of BCRV, represent one of the few isolations of any alphavirus from eggs or larvae of insects in the field, and are the first report of any virus in the eggs of cimicid bedbugs. The specialized ecological niche of BCRV in swallow bugs and at cliff swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Vieillot) nesting sites may promote vertical transmission of this virus.

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The Transmission of Western Equine Encephalitis Virus by the Mosquito Culex Tarsalis Coq 1,2

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

A multi-locus approach to barcoding in the Anopheles strodei subgroup (Diptera: Culicidae)

A multi-locus approach to barcoding in the Anopheles strodei subgroup (Diptera: Culicidae)

Vector Relationships of the Arthropod‐borne Encephalitides in North America

Isolation of Buggy Creek Virus (Togaviridae: Alphavirus) From Field-Collected Eggs of <I>Oeciacus vicarius</I> (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

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