The Treaties of Erzurum (1823 and 1848) and the Changing Status of Iranians in the Ottoman Empire

Masters, Bruce

doi:10.1080/00210869108701754

Cited by 84 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“….." 39 There were undoubtedly other factors weighing on the decision to pass the 1869 legislation: a general impetus toward legal and political reform (usually described as the Tanzimat), and international relations, particularly those with Qajar Persia. 40 But the main impetus driving the new rules regarding legal belonging was the dramatic increase in the number of individuals benefiting from extraterritoriality.…”

Section: Legislating Legal Belonging In North Africa and The Middle Eastmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraterritoriality and Legal Belonging in the Nineteenth-Century Mediterranean

Marglin¹

2021

Law hist. rev.

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This article examines the intersection between extraterritoriality--privileges afforded to European subjects in the Islamic Mediterranean--and various forms of state membership. To capture the multiplicity and instability of state membership, I introduce the phrase “legal belonging”--a neutral, umbrella term that encompasses a wide range of bonds between individuals and states (usually referred to as subjecthood, nationality, or citizenship). Adopting the methods of global legal history, I look at how laws regulating legal belonging responded to the extraterritorial context of the Mediterranean in both European and Middle Eastern states. In so doing, I offer an alternative to the centrifugal narrative of modernization, which presumes that modern citizenship was invented in Europe and then exported to the Islamic world. Instead, I contend that the evolution of legal belonging on both sides of the Mediterranean developed in response to the challenges and opportunities presented by extraterritoriality. The article consists of two cases studies: first, I look at the regulation of legal belonging in Tunisia, the Ottoman Empire, and Morocco, arguing that this legislation responded to the challenges posed by extraterritoriality. Second, I examine the influence of extraterritorial regimes on the nationality of Algerians under French colonial rule.

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Section: Legislating Legal Belonging In North Africa and The Middle Eastmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraterritoriality and Legal Belonging in the Nineteenth-Century Mediterranean

Marglin¹

2021

Law hist. rev.

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“…In parts of the world that remained outside the grasp of the colonial powers, and between newly liberated former-colonies, territorial consensus continued to expand. The Persian and 258 Ottoman empires began organizing the lands between them at least as far back as the 1639 Treaty of Zuhab, however disputed regions continued to lead to conflict until the second Treaty of Erzurum was signed in 1847 (Masters, 1991). This treaty was one of the first in the region that reflected an adoption of the European notion of a territorial border as being a precisely demarcated line of jurisdiction on a map, rather than about the allegiance of those who lived generally on the margins of the empires (Lesaffer, 2023).…”

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confidence: 99%

Organizing peace: an algorithmic analysis of four centuries of international law and the decline of war

Haner

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There are more than 200 million words of agreement that collectively give form to the international system, organize relations between states, and which cumulatively, and ever more closely, bind its peoples together. Over the last four centuries, these words have been negotiated, debated, challenged, refuted, clarified, and made legally and mutually understandable before becoming formally enshrined in one of the 79,287 international treaties signed during this period.Simultaneously, and despite some notable exceptions, the world has become an increasingly peaceful and cooperative place, with interstate warfare declining gradually around the world and then rapidly after 1945. This project seeks to better understand why this global paradigmatic transformation has occurred and how it has been affected by the negotiation, signing, and implementation of tens of thousands of international treaties over time.Many existing studies have difficulty in explaining long-term change and either tend to assume that war is inevitable due to the supposedly immutable condition of anarchy, emphasize developments that have occurred too recently to explain the longer-term trends, or focus on a small subset of the most important multilateral treaties in history to the relative exclusion of all the important treatymaking effects and gradual changes that happen at every stage in between.Explanations for why interstate wars are so infrequent today, when they were a major and widely accepted instrument of foreign policy throughout most of history, have been stymied by our inability to fully appreciate and meaningfully incorporate the complex expanding totality of international law over time and its cumulative pacific effects on international relations.This project was able to overcome these challenges by leveraging artificial intelligence, new data, and machine-learning algorithms, to systematically analyze and visualize four centuries worth of international treaties, and to provide significant new contributions to our understanding 4 of how the international system has become more organized and peaceful over time. Using computational treaty analysis, each agreement was classified by topic, signatories, and a variety of additional metrics to measure absolute and relative changes in the formal, legal aspects of the international system over time, which can now be seen accumulating over the centuries like so many strata preserved in the historical "fossil record" of international relations. By compiling, translating, processing, and visualizing the 79,287 recently digitized treaties signed between 1648 and 2022, this dissertation vividly illustrates the incremental but consistent change in the structure of international order and provides a window into the past regarding what the dominant concerns of international law and relations were over the last four centuries, what they are today, and how they have changed over this period. This expansive and algorithmically analyzed record of international law chronicles a broad range of formal inters...

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Ottoman–Persian Treaties

Aslan

2018

The Encyclopedia of Diplomacy

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In the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful states in the world. Starting from the seventeenth century the empire gradually entered into an age of comprehensive stagnation and decline. From the early 1500s until the mid‐nineteenth century there were many conflicts, wars, and ensuing armistice and/or peace treaties between the Ottoman Empire and the Persians. One of the most important issues was the representation of Muslim populations throughout the world. Sultans of the Ottoman Empire claimed to be the protector of all Muslims in the world (halife‐i ru‐yi Zemin); however, Persian rulers, as the forerunner of the Shiite sect of Islam, did not recognize this authority. In addition to this disagreement on identity and authority, some economic issues, trade embargoes, domination over Eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Mesopotamia were important factors in these conflicts, diplomatic initiatives, and peace treaties.

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The Treaties of Erzurum (1823 and 1848) and the Changing Status of Iranians in the Ottoman Empire

Cited by 84 publications

References 5 publications

Extraterritoriality and Legal Belonging in the Nineteenth-Century Mediterranean

Extraterritoriality and Legal Belonging in the Nineteenth-Century Mediterranean

Organizing peace: an algorithmic analysis of four centuries of international law and the decline of war

Ottoman–Persian Treaties

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