The treatment of biological growths on stone: a conservator's viewpoint

Schnabel, Lorraine

doi:10.1016/0265-3036(91)90038-s

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…fluorescence microscopy) was established at the beginning of 1990s (Normal 1994). Conservators have claimed some difficulties in directly testing a range of biocide and cleaning agents (Schnabel 1991), and have noted the need for comprehensive reviews on commonly used biocidal materials (e.g. Caneva et al 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species- and site-specific efficacy of commercial biocides and application solvents against lichens

Favero‐Longo

Benesperi

Bertuzzi

et al. 2017

International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation

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Control of lichens on stone cultural heritage is mostly achieved by a combination of mechanical removal with biocide applications. However, there is a lack of scientific evidence on the efficacy of different biocides on different species, and on the consistency of biocide effects on heritage sites in different environmental conditions. This results in some uncertainty when conservation interventions to control lichens are routinely defined on the basis of restoration tradition or empirical evaluation, without experimental measures of how lichens respond. In this work, we quantitatively evaluated (a) the efficacy of five commercially-available biocides, applied using a brush or with a cellulose poultice, against two species (Protoparmeliopsis muralis, Verrucaria nigrescens), and (b) whether the effects on the two species were consistent, per treatment, across three Italian heritage sites. Lichen vitality was quantified through analyses of chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlaF) and ergosterol content. The results indicated that all the tested biocides, and their organic solvents, affected the vitality of both the species. However, most of treatments displayed different efficacy on each species, across the different sites and between brush and poultice applications. Accordingly, when a conservation intervention to control lichen growth is planned, biocide treatments need both species- and site-specific calibrations and lichen vitality should be properly ascertained in situ by monitoring ChlaF parameters (FV/FM and F0) twenty days after trial biocide applications

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species- and site-specific efficacy of commercial biocides and application solvents against lichens

Favero‐Longo

Benesperi

Bertuzzi

et al. 2017

International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation

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“…Scholars have been studying the weathering of carbonate rocks by bacteria since the 1930s ( Paine et al, 1932 ). The studies were lately expanded to more microorganisms such as fungi ( Schnabel, 1991 Kang et al, 2022 ). However, Pokrovsky et al (2021) revealed that a negligible effect on Ca and Mg release from carbonates by bacteria and fungi.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terrestrial algae: pioneer organisms of carbonate rock solutional weathering in South China karst

Yan,

Zhao,

Xiong

et al. 2024

Front. Microbiol.

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The formation of soil in karst ecosystem has always been a scientific problem of great concern to human beings. Algae can grow on the exposed and non-nutrition carbonate surface, inducing and accelerating weathering of rock substrates, thus promoting soil formation. Yet the actual contribution of algae to solutional weathering intensity remains unclear. In this study, we performed weathering simulation experiment on two algae species (Klebsormidium dissectum (F.Gay) H.Ettl & G.Gärtner and Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck), which were screened from carbonated rock surfaces from a typical karst region in South China. The results showed: (1) both algae have solutional weathering effect on carbonate rock, (2) there is no difference of solutional intensity observed, yet the solutional modes are different, suggesting different ecological adaptative strategies, (3) algae on carbonate rocks have higher carbonic anhydrase activity (CAA) and secrete more extracellular polysaccharide (EPS), accelerating rock weathering. (4) The absolute dissolution amount of carbonate rock with algae participation is 3 times of that of without algae. These results indicate the significant impact of terrestrial algae on carbonate rock solutional weathering and provides quantitative evidence that terrestrial algae are pioneer species. It also contributes to our further understanding of soil formation in karst ecosystems in South China.

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“…Climbers do not only cover up the whole view, but they stifle the substrate or the structure, and shortly by their increasing weight pull down parts of it, in addition to the stout woody climbers of liana, which can produce roots at every node of their stem and then cling to the walls and the sides of the structure [39]. In a comparatively short time, the plant's roots, tendrils, suckers, and roots of creepers like ivy can cause significant mechanical and chemical deterioration of stones and structures [40,41]. Besides, vines can pose severe damage compared to other species because they tend to create damp areas between the leaves and the walls, which can cause moisture build-up and rot as it prevents the sun from drying the wall [42].…”

Section: Climbing Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the potential effects of plants with their secreted biochemicals on the biodeterioration of archaeological stones

Elgohary

Mansour

Salem

2022

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

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Archaeological sites and structures suffer from several factors of deterioration. The present survey focuses on the biodeterioration by plants, which is not less important than the rest of the deterioration factors; moreover, in many cases, it leads to their occurrence. Despite the importance of plants in our lives and their aesthetic appearance around stone monuments, they pose a threat to their survival. Therefore, it is necessary to have such a review to detail this topic and understand its severity by identifying the most common and harmful plant species, the co-factors for their existence, and the mechanism of damage. Physical damage through causing cracks, detachment, and loss of structural integrity and chemical damage from root secretions-biological damage by encouraging microorganisms and insects supported by examples of sites that have been damaged by plants. The results will help to apply appropriate methods of prevention and control by mentioning the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

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The treatment of biological growths on stone: a conservator's viewpoint

Cited by 10 publications

References 1 publication

Species- and site-specific efficacy of commercial biocides and application solvents against lichens

Species- and site-specific efficacy of commercial biocides and application solvents against lichens

Terrestrial algae: pioneer organisms of carbonate rock solutional weathering in South China karst

Assessment of the potential effects of plants with their secreted biochemicals on the biodeterioration of archaeological stones

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