The trends of global tritium precipitations.

Morishima, Hiroshige; Kawai, Hiroshi; Koga, Taeko; Niwa, Takeo

doi:10.1269/jrr.26.283

Cited by 33 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Atmospheric nuclear weapon testing from the 1950s to the early 1960s released significant amounts of tritium into the environment [2], and approximately 1.86 × 10 20 Bq (650 kg) of tritium was released during 1945 to 1985 [4]. Tritium concentrations in precipitation were rapidly increased by these events, and many researchers found high tritium concentrations in precipitation [5,6]. Even now, residual artificial tritium is estimated to be approximately 10 18 Bq.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isotope Composition and Chemical Species of Monthly Precipitation Collected at the Site of a Fusion Test Facility in Japan

Tanaka

Iwata

Kato

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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The deuterium plasma experiment was started using the Large Helical Device (LHD) at the National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS) in March 2017 to investigate high-temperature plasma physics and the hydrogen isotope effects towards the realization of fusion energy. In order to clarify any experimental impacts on precipitation, precipitation has been collected at the NIFS site since November 2013 as a means to assess the relationship between isotope composition and chemical species in precipitation containing tritium. The tritium concentration ranged from 0.10 to 0.61 Bq L−1 and was high in spring and low in summer. The stable isotope composition and the chemical species were unchanged before and after the deuterium plasma experiment. Additionally, the tritium concentration after starting the deuterium plasma experiment was within three sigma of the average tritium concentration before the deuterium plasma experiment. These results suggested that there was no impact by tritium on the environment surrounding the fusion test facility.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isotope Composition and Chemical Species of Monthly Precipitation Collected at the Site of a Fusion Test Facility in Japan

Tanaka

Iwata

Kato

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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“…The tritium content of monthly precipitation shows a distinct summer maximum, usually persisting from May to July, apart from the southwest area of the Pacific Ocean where no monitoring station exists. The variation of monthly tritium content in precipitation, commonly called ‘spring peak’, occurring at local spring time, is connected with a seasonal rise of the tropopause at high latitudes (Morishima et al , 1985). It leads to temporary incorporation of relatively large regions of the stratosphere into the troposphere by precipitation or molecular exchange with free water surface and deposition in the ocean and groundwater.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A modified global model for predicting the tritium distribution in precipitation, 1960–2005

Zhang

2011

Hydrological Processes

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Abstract:A modified global model for predicting the tritium concentration in precipitation has been developed using the dataset of International Atomic Energy Agency/the World Meteorological Organization (IAEA/WMO) over the period from 1960 to 2005. The tritium concentration in precipitation and its history can be estimated at any location using the model. The modified global model of tritium in precipitation (MGMTP) here presented has higher accuracy than the global model of tritium in precipitation (GMTP) developed by Doney et al. (1992). The new model is not only more appropriate for a particular station but also applicable for the un-normalized observations directly. Another advantage of MGMTP is that it can estimate a longer history (from 1960 to 2005) of tritium content in precipitation than GMTP (from 1960 to 1986). The seasonal cycle of tritium in precipitation has also been modelled in the form of a simple cosine function with five parameters.

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“…Most of the environmental tritium is produced by the nuclear interactions of cosmic rays with nitrogen and oxygen atoms in the upper atmosphere [1]. Meanwhile, significant quantities of anthropogenic tritium were released into the environment by nuclear weapon tests in the early 1960s [2]. Therefore, author's e-mail: k198602@eve.u-ryukyu.ac.jp * ) This article is based on the presentation at the 29th International Toki Conference on Plasma and Fusion Research (ITC29).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…the tritium concentration of precipitation rapidly increased to approximately 200 times that of the background level in this era [2]. Tritium concentrations in precipitation were gradually decreased after the acceptance of the Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT) in 1963 [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple Pretreatment Method for Tritium Measurement in Environmental Water Samples using a Liquid Scintillation Counter

Nakasone

Yokoyama

Takahashi

et al. 2021

Plasma and Fusion Research

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The aim of this study is to evaluate quantitatively the effectiveness of the ion exchange resins and activated carbon in tritium measurement. A standard water sample was adjusted to a tritium concentration of 5 Bq L −1 . This sample was stirred with the cation exchange (PCH) and anion exchange (PAO) resins and activated carbon. After stirring the samples, the supernatant in each sample was filtered through 0.45 µm membrane filters. The electrical conductivity in an experimental condition, where the amounts of PCH, PAO, and activated carbon were 0.3 g, 0.3 g, and 0.6 g, respectively, was lower than that of the sample treated by the distillation method. The distillation method requires approximately 12 h to process; however, the same level of results was achieved in 5 min. The tritium concentration in each experiment was within the standard deviation. These results suggested that proposed batch method involving ion exchange resins and activated carbon had negligible effect on tritium measurement. The ion concentration and the total organic carbon for the samples were decreased in 5 min. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the impurity removal from the sample water by ion exchange resins.

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The trends of global tritium precipitations.

Cited by 33 publications

References 4 publications

Isotope Composition and Chemical Species of Monthly Precipitation Collected at the Site of a Fusion Test Facility in Japan

Isotope Composition and Chemical Species of Monthly Precipitation Collected at the Site of a Fusion Test Facility in Japan

A modified global model for predicting the tritium distribution in precipitation, 1960–2005

Simple Pretreatment Method for Tritium Measurement in Environmental Water Samples using a Liquid Scintillation Counter

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