The Trigeminal Nerve

Spiriev, Toma; Chowdhury, Tumul; Schaller, Bernhard

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800421-0.00002-3

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 103 publications

(296 reference statements)

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“…Eighteen male Japanese track and field athletes (WA score, 1052.5 ± 93.3 pts; height, 177.7 ± 6.0 cm; body mass, 69.9 ± 6.9 kg; age, 20.7 ± 1.8 yr) were recruited as subjects in this study (see the Supplemental Table for detailed profiles of subjects, Supplemental Digital Content, http://links.lww.com/MSS/C773). Here, the WA score refers to the points for each track and field event record, and we obtained the score from the WA official document (19). Note that the 1052 points are equivalent to a record of 10.46 s in the men’s 100 m.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interlimb and Intralimb Coordination of Rectus Femoris and Biceps Femoris Muscles at Different Running Speeds

Kakehata

Goto

Yokoyama

et al. 2022

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between spatiotemporal variables and the muscle activity of the rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) in both legs at various running speeds.MethodsEighteen well-trained male athletes (age: 20.7 ± 1.8 yr) were asked to run for 50 m with 7 different “subjective efforts (SE)” (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 90%, 95%, and 100% SE). SE scaled relative to the maximal effort running (100%). The spatiotemporal variables (running speed, step frequency, step length) were measured over the distance from 30 to 50 m. The RF and BF muscle activities were obtained from both legs with wireless electromyography (EMG) sensors. We calculated RF and BF onset/offset timings in both legs (e.g., ipsilateral leg RF is “iRF,” contralateral leg BF is “cBF”), which were expressed as % of a running cycle. Based on those timings, we obtained the EMG timing variables (%), as Switch1 (iBF offset to iRF onset), Switch2 (iRF offset to iBF onset), Scissors1 (cBF onset to iRF onset), and Scissors2 (iRF offset to cBF offset).Resultsrunning speed was well correlated with the SE, and higher running speed (>9 m·s−1) was achieved with higher step frequency (>4.0 Hz). Relative timings of RF and BF onset/offset (%) appeared earlier and later, respectively, with an increase in running speed. The absolute duration of RF activation (s) was elongated with the decrease in absolute running cycle time (increase in running speed). Both Switch and Scissors showed significant negative correlations with running speed and step frequency.ConclusionsThe RF and BF excitation in both legs, as evidenced by changes in both Switch and Scissors, is coordinated for controlling running speed, as well as step frequency.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interlimb and Intralimb Coordination of Rectus Femoris and Biceps Femoris Muscles at Different Running Speeds

Kakehata

Goto

Yokoyama

et al. 2022

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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“…All participants were trained sprinters who were competing in 100 m or 400 m events (100 m: n = 13; 400 m: n = 5) and they were in the competition period of training. Their personal best times in the season was on average 11,8 ± 0,7 s on 100 m and 49,9 ± 6,5 s on 400 m (see reference [ 23 ] for IAAF points). Five athletes were of international level, five were of national level, and eight were of regional level.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of weighted sled towing on sprinting effectiveness, power and force-velocity relationship

et al. 2018

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This study aimed to compare the components of force-velocity (F-V) and power-velocity (P-V) profiles and the mechanical effectiveness of force application (or force ratio–RF) among various sled-towing loads during the entire acceleration phase of a weighted sled sprint. Eighteen sprinters performed four 50-m sprints in various conditions: unloaded; with a load corresponding to 20% of the athlete’s body mass (BM); with a load of 30% BM; and with a load of 40% BM. Data were collected with five video cameras, and the images were digitised to obtain velocity from the derivation of the centre-of-mass position. F-V and P-V components and RF were estimated from sprinting velocity-time data for each load using a validated method that is based on an inverse dynamic approach applied to the sprinter’s centre-of-mass (it models the horizontal antero-posterior and vertical ground reaction force components) and requires only measurement of anthropometric and spatiotemporal variables (body mass, stature and instantaneous position or velocity during the acceleration phase). The theoretical maximal velocity decreased with load compared with the unloaded condition (for 20% BM: -6%, effect size (ES) = 0,38; for 30% BM: -15%, ES = 1.02; for 40% BM: -18%, ES = 1.10). The theoretical maximal horizontal force (F0) and maximal power were not different among conditions. However, power at the end of the acceleration phase increased with load (40% BM vs 0%: 72%; ES = 2.73) as well as the maximal mechanical effectiveness (12%; ES = 0.85). The linear decrease in RF was different between 30 or 40% BM and the unloaded condition (-23%; ES = 0.74 and 0.66). Better effectiveness may be developed with 40% BM load at the beginning of the acceleration and with the various load-induced changes in the components of the F-V and P-V relationships, allowing a more accurate determination of optimal loading conditions for maximizing power.

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“…Both groups trained at least five times per week and competed for an average of 8.7±2.2 years. The International Association of Athletics Federations Score (IAAFscore) 9 was used to evaluate the performance of the SP and MD groups. The IAAF score was calculated based on the best performance of the season for each event.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of the AC[La]+EPOCfast Method in Sprinters and Middle-distance Runners

Hatauta,

Oki,

Nabekura

2023

Int J Sports Med

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The anaerobic capacity (AC[La]+EPOCfast ) method is of interest as it can differentiate between the contributions of phosphocreatine(PCr) and glycolytic energy, assess the anaerobic metabolism during a single effort, and evaluate various exercise modalities. However, no previous studies have investigated whether the superiority of the PCr and glycolytic systems can be assessed in athletes with high anaerobic capacity. This study aimed to compare the AC[La]+EPOCfast method in seven sprinters (SP) and seven middle-distance runners (MD). The participants underwent a graded exercise test and constant-load exercise at 115% VO2max until exhaustion using a bicycle ergometer. AC[La]+EPOCfast was calculated as the sum of oxygen equivalents from the phosphagen (EPCr) and glycolytic (ELa) pathways. This study reveals that there was no significant difference in AC[La]+EPOCfast or maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) between the two groups. Although EPCr was not significantly different between groups, ELa was significantly higher in the SP group than in the MD group. In conclusion, the AC[La]+EPOCfast method can be used to evaluate high and low anaerobic capacities. However, further studies on athletes with high aerobic capacity are required.

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The Trigeminal Nerve

Cited by 7 publications

References 103 publications

Interlimb and Intralimb Coordination of Rectus Femoris and Biceps Femoris Muscles at Different Running Speeds

Interlimb and Intralimb Coordination of Rectus Femoris and Biceps Femoris Muscles at Different Running Speeds

Effect of weighted sled towing on sprinting effectiveness, power and force-velocity relationship

Validation of the AC[La]+EPOCfast Method in Sprinters and Middle-distance Runners

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