The Trinity of Skin: Skin Homeostasis as a Neuro–Endocrine–Immune Organ

Jin, Rong; Luo, Li; Zheng, Jie

doi:10.3390/life12050725

Cited by 23 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…It is really a matter of concern that the skin is not only a target organ of multiple hormones but also an endocrine organ for the secretion of multiple hormones, with equivalent functions of the hypothalamic−pituitary−adrenal Frontiers in Pharmacology frontiersin.org (HPA) axis (Slominski and Mihm, 1996;Slominski and Wortsman, 2000;Lin et al, 2017). The skin neuroendocrine-immune system interacts bidirectionally with the central nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system to maintain the body's homeostasis (Slominski and Wortsman, 2000;Jin et al, 2022). Upon perception of external or endogenous stimuli, the HPA axis of the skin and endocrine system will be activated (Alexopoulos and Chrousos, 2016;Slominski et al, 2007), which is followed by the release of a corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) of the hypothalamus and the skin (Skobowiat and Slominski, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NLRP3 neuroinflammatory factors may be involved in atopic dermatitis mental disorders: an animal study

et al. 2022

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Background: Numerous clinical studies have shown that atopic dermatitis (AD) is often associated with mental disorders. This could contribute to the overall burden of atopic dermatitis. However, the underlying mechanism of mental health symptoms in AD has not been fully elucidated.Methods: An AD mouse was induced by 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), which was repeatedly applied to the back skin of the BALB/C mice to establish an atopic dermatitis mental disorder model. The role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis mental disorders was then explored.Results: After the stimulation of DNFB for 35 days, the skin lesions, the HE staining of skin lesions, and the behavioral experiments (including elevated plus maze assay and tail suspension test) suggested that the AD mental disorder mouse model was successfully replicated. The expression of neuroinflammatory factors in the hippocampus was then investigated through Western blotting. The results showed a significant increase in the protein expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β.Conclusion: Mental disorders in AD might be related to the neuroinflammatory response in the hippocampus. An alternative yet essential approach to promoting AD recovery could be through reducing neuroinflammation and improving mental disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NLRP3 neuroinflammatory factors may be involved in atopic dermatitis mental disorders: an animal study

et al. 2022

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“…In addition to the anatomic basis of cutaneous system, 5–8 emerging proof has made it clear that skin can produce the same biomolecules (eg neurotrophins, neuropeptides, hormones and cytokines) like the other part of body and interact with the system via them, 9–11 identifying the skin as a “neuro–endocrine–immune” organ. 12 …”

Section: Skin Architecture and Physiological Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin Ageing: A Progressive, Multi-Factorial Condition Demanding an Integrated, Multilayer-Targeted Remedy

Liang¹,

Su²,

Wang³

2023

CCID

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Of the human organs, skin is the most visible one that displays the manifestations of ageing. It has a very intricate microanatomical structure and performs several key physiological functions. The pathophysiology of cutaneous ageing is characterized by deterioration of structural stability and functional integrity, implying a continuous reduction in maximal function and reserve capacity, as a result of the accumulating damage due to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Elimination of unfavorable expressions associated with facial and cutaneous ageing is the key patient demand in aesthetic dermatology. Even though the progress has been made in nonsurgical therapies like fillers and lasers, non-invasive interventions by using skin care products designed for rejuvenation at an early stage are the most popular and accessible solution among people. In this review, we have scrutinized the ageing-associated cutaneous changes at molecular, cellular and tissue levels. To optimize the ageing process towards a healthy skin, we propose an integrated, multilayer-targeted intervention, which involves both topical application of anti-ageing formulations from outside and oral supplementation from inside. Additionally, several promising naturally derived ingredients are reviewed from an anti-aging perspective. Most of them possess various bioactivities and may contribute to the development of the mentioned anti-ageing remedy.

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“…It is the way the body maintains a balance within its internal environment [4]. For example, the human body has many systems that work together to maintain homeostasis, such as the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the immune system [5]. These systems regulate various physiological processes such as body temperature, blood pressure, and levels of various chemicals in the body [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Buffers in Establishing a Balance of Homeostasis and Maintaining Health

Alzeer¹

2023

AJMC

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Homeostasis is the body’s ability to self-regulate biological processes. There are several buffer systems in the body that operate cooperatively to maintain health. A buffer system consists of two components, one that acts on its counterpart. In acid-base homeostasis, almost all physiological processes in the body occur as a result of a buffer that allows a solution to tolerate pH changes. Buffers can be used beyond the concept of hydrogen ion donors or acceptors. A body consists of numerous components and their counterparts, such as excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, entropy and potential energy, and anabolic and catabolic metabolic processes. As for values, they can be material and non-material; behaviours can be permitted or prohibited. Buffers play an important role in maintaining balance, but their capacity needs to be improved in order to handle stress more effectively. It is appropriate to evaluate buffering systems by analogy to acid-base buffers, and the results can be interpreted in terms of maintaining balance. A well-coordinated and compatible system helps maintain a balance between matter and its counterpart, enabling the immune system to function effectively and maintain homeostasis.

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The Trinity of Skin: Skin Homeostasis as a Neuro–Endocrine–Immune Organ

Cited by 23 publications

References 111 publications

NLRP3 neuroinflammatory factors may be involved in atopic dermatitis mental disorders: an animal study

NLRP3 neuroinflammatory factors may be involved in atopic dermatitis mental disorders: an animal study

Skin Ageing: A Progressive, Multi-Factorial Condition Demanding an Integrated, Multilayer-Targeted Remedy

The Role of Buffers in Establishing a Balance of Homeostasis and Maintaining Health

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