Background To evaluate the surgical outcome of younger adult idiopathic scoliosis patients (YAdIS) with selective thoracic fusion by comparing with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Methods Seventy-two idiopathic scoliosis patients (36 adults and 36 adolescents) treated by posterior-only all-pedicle screw technique at the same institution were retrospective reviewed and matched by curve pattern and curve magnitude. Radiographic parameters were evaluated preoperatively, postoperatively and at final follow-up. Operating time, blood loss, transfusion and complications were noted. Clinical outcome was assessed by Scoliosis Research Society-22 questionnaire (SRS-22). Results The major thoracic curves in YAdIS group and AIS group were 56.3°±9.7°, 53.3°±10.1° and corrected to 17.2°±7.3°, 14.9°±7.5° respectively without significant difference of correction rate (69.3% vs. 72.0%). For the lumbar curve, Cobb angles in two groups were 35.6° ± 10.1° and 31.4 ± 9.2° preoperatively, and was spontaneously corrected to 18.5° ± 9.0° and 12.6° ± 8.2°. Correction rates were 48.0% and 59.8% (P<0.05). Coronal vertebra alignments (CVA) in YAdIS group were 20.6 ± 9.7 mm before surgery and 16.8 ± 7.9 mm after surgery (P>0.05), while CVA in the AIS group was 17.8 ± 10.5 mm preoperatively and decreased to 9.7 ± 8.3 mm postoperatively (P<0.05). However, sagittal parameters showed significant improvements in thoracic kyphosis in both groups (P<0.05). Complication rates were 13.9% vs. 5.6% without significant difference. Preoperative SRS score was worse in the YAdIS group than the AIS group. However, there were no significant differences between the final SRS score. Conclusions YAdIS patients gained similar correction of major thoracic curve as AIS patients, although the curve were stiffer.However,more extensive release technique needed to be done which was associated with longer operation time hospital stay. YAdIS had more complications,though this difference was not statistically significant. Patients with lower SRS score in YAdIS can also be treated very well with selective thoracic fusion surgery.