The Tsunamis Caused by the Myojin Explosions

Miyoshi, Hisashi; Akiba, Yoshio

doi:10.5928/kaiyou1942.10.49

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…We assume this relationship between source velocity and maximum fountain velocity also holds in the field, and thus we can estimate the source velocities and the Fr of the field cases. (Miyoshi & Akiba, 1954;Nakano et al, 1954). One eruption, which occurred at 13:12 JST on September 23, was witnessed from at about 1.8 km distance from the source epicenter, and well-recorded in a series of photos that shows the whole process of water dome motion on the free surface (Morimoto, 1960).…”

Section: Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Experiments on Tsunamigenic Discrete Subaqueous Volcanic Eruptions. Part 1: Free Surface Disturbances

et al. 2021

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A submarine volcanic eruption has the potential to generate a dangerous local tsunami.To better understand the free surface disturbance generated by an underwater volcanic eruption, which will form the initial condition for any subsequent wave generation, we conducted a series of laboratory experiments. In these experiments, compressed air was injected into a tank filled with water to simulate an underwater eruption. The experiments were repeated over a range of different pressures and water depths. Each eruption can be divided into three phases: A momentum-driven jet, a buoyancy-driven plume, and a fountain-generation regime. Our experiments exhibit two fountain regimes (a dome regime and a finger regime), with a transition between them. These fountain regimes have been observed in several real submarine volcanic eruptions. This paper proposes a Froude number criterion to combine the water depths and source conditions together with the aspect ratios of fountains to quantify different fountain regimes. This quantitative relationship holds for two real subaqueous volcanic eruption cases (Myojin-Sho eruption in 1952 and 1996 eruption in Karymskoye Lake). The fountain of the Myojin-Sho shallow submarine eruption on September 23,1952 appears to have been in the dome regime, which means it was a relatively weak eruption. Unlike other eruptions from this volcano, which did generate tsunamis, no tsunami waves were detected on September 23 . This study contributes to an enhanced understanding of the usually unseen mechanism of free surface disturbances by volcanic gas injection during submarine eruptions.Plain Language Summary Underwater volcanic eruptions inject hot magma into cold ambient water. The interaction between magma and water creates steam explosions which can displace a large amount of water. An eruption occurring in shallow enough water and with sufficiently strong energy will be able to disturb the water surface and even initiate a tsunami. As these eruptions are hidden beneath water, their direct observation near their vents is difficult and dangerous, while the water surface disturbances are much easier and safer to measure. In order to understand the relationship between different kinds of eruptions and their disturbance of the water surface, we model underwater volcanic eruptions in the laboratory by injecting compressed air into water. We observe three main shapes of fountains on the water surface in our experiments: a) finger-like; b) dome-like; c) shapes intermediate between them. A finger-shaped fountain accompanied by a large number of splashes normally occurs at shallow-water depths and/or in an eruption with intense source strength, while a dome-shaped fountain occurs under the opposite conditions. We find a good consistency between our experimental results and field observations, which means that we are able to estimate the unseen source conditions from the observed free surface disturbances. SHEN ET AL.

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Section: Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Experiments on Tsunamigenic Discrete Subaqueous Volcanic Eruptions. Part 1: Free Surface Disturbances

et al. 2021

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“…Local tsunami waves generated by underwater explosions in the Krakatau caldera were described and photographed by Stehn et al (1929). The Myojin-Sho (Japan) eruption in 1952 generated waves with amplitudes up to 1.4 m high at 130 km from the volcano (Niino, 1952;Dietz and Sheehy, 1954;Miyoshi and Akiba, 1954). Low Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical simulations of tsunami generated by underwater volcanic explosions at Karymskoye lake (Kamchatka, Russia) and Kolumbo volcano (Aegean Sea, Greece)

Ulvrová¹,

Paris²,

Kelfoun³

et al. 2013

Preprint

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Abstract. Increasing human activities along the coasts of the world arise the necessity to assess tsunami hazard from different sources (earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity). In this paper, we simulate tsunamis generated by underwater volcanic explosions from (1) a submerged vent in a shallow water lake (Karymskoye Lake, Kamchatka), and (2) from Kolumbo submarine volcano (7 km NE of Santorini, Aegean Sea, Greece). The 1996 tsunami in Karymskoye lake is a well-documented example and thus serves as a case-study for validating the calculations. The numerical model reproduces realistically the tsunami runups measured onshore. Systematic numerical study of tsunamis generated by explosions of Kolumbo volcano is then conducted for a wide range of energies. Results show that in case of reawakening, Kolumbo volcano might represent a significant tsunami hazard for the northern, eastern and southern coasts of Santorini, even for small-power explosions.

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“…Several trains of tsunami waves caused by these explosions were recorded at a wave gauge installed on Hachijio Island about 130 km from the volcano. The tsunami waves propagating over a long distance were strongly influenced by the bathymetry through processes such as refraction, shoaling and wave breaking (Miyoshi & Akiba, 1954), so these far‐field recordings cannot be directly compared with our experimental data. One eruption observed at 13:12 JST on September 23 was documented in a series of photographs that show the development of the free surface disturbance accompanied by volcanic ejecta.…”

Section: Application and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waves Generated by Discrete and Sustained Gas Eruptions With Implications for Submarine Volcanic Tsunamis

Shen

Whittaker

Lane

et al. 2021

Geophysical Research Letters

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Impulsive subaqueous volcanic eruptions can displace a large volume of water, which has the potential to initiate local tsunamis (Day, 2015). Tsunamis triggered by underwater volcanic eruptions are relatively infrequent, accounting for approximately 1% of recorded tsunamis (Latter, 1981). Compared to tsunami generation by earthquakes or landslides, which account for 81% and 7% of recorded tsunamis respectively (Harbitz et al., 2014), the consequences of submarine volcanic sources may therefore be underestimated (Paris, 2015). Although submarine volcanic eruptions represent about three-quarters of global volcanism (most are effusive eruptions, but explosive ones also occur), these eruptions account for only 8% of the recorded eruptions because of the difficulties in obtaining observations (Cashman & Fiske, 1991;Mastin & Witter, 2000;Resing et al., 2011;White et al., 2015). No field data set completely records a submarine volcanic tsunami from the source dynamics to the water-volcanic substance interactions and finally to spatio-temporally resolved waves (Dürig et al., 2020;Embley et al., 2006;Shen et al., 2021b). Hence, laboratory experiments are required to better understand this hazard mechanism.Recent work (Shen et al., 2021b) has found that, for a given source intensity, there is a critical water depth at which a discrete eruption generates the largest wave heights. This opens two questions: (a) How does the

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The Tsunamis Caused by the Myojin Explosions

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Cited by 13 publications

References 6 publications

Laboratory Experiments on Tsunamigenic Discrete Subaqueous Volcanic Eruptions. Part 1: Free Surface Disturbances

Laboratory Experiments on Tsunamigenic Discrete Subaqueous Volcanic Eruptions. Part 1: Free Surface Disturbances

Numerical simulations of tsunami generated by underwater volcanic explosions at Karymskoye lake (Kamchatka, Russia) and Kolumbo volcano (Aegean Sea, Greece)

Waves Generated by Discrete and Sustained Gas Eruptions With Implications for Submarine Volcanic Tsunamis

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