The Turkish Version of Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) Scale

Büyükturan, Öznur; Naharci, Mehmet İlkin; Büyükturan, Buket; Kırdı, Nuray; Yetiş, Aysu

doi:10.29399/npa.22997

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…32 Regarding the degree of agreement among observers, the ICC values of this version (0.94) are higher than those found by the Chinese version (0.84) 32 and the Turkish version (0.81). 36 Finally, regarding temporary stability, the findings of this study have shown a moderate reliability of the PAINAD scale in its Spanish version, since the ICC is 0.55. This has been lower than other versions, since the ICC of the Chinese version ranges from 0.80 to 0.86, 32 the ICC of the Turkish version is 0.81, 36 the ICC of the German version is 0.80 37 and the ICC of the Italian version is 0.88.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…36 Finally, regarding temporary stability, the findings of this study have shown a moderate reliability of the PAINAD scale in its Spanish version, since the ICC is 0.55. This has been lower than other versions, since the ICC of the Chinese version ranges from 0.80 to 0.86, 32 the ICC of the Turkish version is 0.81, 36 the ICC of the German version is 0.80 37 and the ICC of the Italian version is 0.88. 31 This difference could be explained because the retest was performed after a shorter time interval 31 32 in other studies, such as in the German version, 37 which performed both the test and the retest on the same day.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…In this sense, if we compare the Spanish version with the Turkish one, the mean value of the I-CVI in the Turkish version was 0.84, and given that the value of the Spanish version was 0.95, we can affirm that the Spanish version is better. 36 Regarding the association between the PAINAD scale score and the degree of dependence for basic activities of daily living measured through the Barthel Index (used to evaluate construct validity), the results have not shown that those subjects with advanced dementia and a lower level of pain also have a lower degree of dependence. However, this could be explained by the degree of dependence of the subjects constituting the sample, since 93% (n=93) had dependence classified as severe or total, according to the Barthel Index.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…24 However, previous studies point to the PACSLAC scale as the tool of choice for research studies, and the PAINAD scale as the ideal tool for assessing pain in clinical practice. [25][26][27][28] Therefore, the PAINAD scale has been culturally adapted and validated for the assessment of pain in people with advanced dementia in different countries, such as Singapore, 29 the Netherlands, 30 Italy, 31 China, 32 the UK, 33 the USA, 34 Brazil, 35 Turkey 36 and Germany. 37 However, its previous validation in Spanish has been superficial due to limitations of sample size and sample origin, 38 39 and further validation studies with larger samples are therefore required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spanish adaptation and validation of the Pain Assessment Scale in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) in patients with dementia and impaired verbal communication: cross-sectional study

et al. 2021

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ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to adapt and validate the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale in Spanish.DesignCross-sectional observational study.SettingTwo health districts of Andalusian provinces, located in the south of Spain, through the Andalusian network of Primary Healthcare centres and four institutions dedicated to the care of patients with dementia.ParticipantsA total of 100 older people, with a medical diagnosis of dementia and a score on the Global Deterioration Scale between 5 and 7 were assessed using the PAINAD scale.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPsychometric properties including content validity, construct validity and reliability of the scale have been tested.ResultsThe overall Item Content Validity Index was excellent (0.95). Regarding construct validity, it was confirmed that a lower use of analgesics implied a lower score on the PAINAD scale (p<0.05). The internal consistency of the scale was 0.76 and it increases to 0.81 if we remove the breathing item. Furthermore, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) used to assess interobserver reliability was 0.94, whereas the ICC used to assess temporary stability was 0.55.ConclusionsThe Spanish version of the PAINAD scale is a valid tool to assess pain in patients with dementia and inability to communicate verbally.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spanish adaptation and validation of the Pain Assessment Scale in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) in patients with dementia and impaired verbal communication: cross-sectional study

et al. 2021

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“…Multiple prior studies have also provided support for the reliability and validity of the PAINAD when used with the multiple ethnicities (49,50) and across many clinical conditions (11,13,14,51,52). These studies did not, however, compare use across the Black vs. White older adults and did not use a Rasch analysis approach.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Invariance of the PAINAD Scale Between the Black and White Residents Living With Dementia

et al. 2021

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The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) and particularly consider whether or not this measure was invariant when used among the Black and White residents. Baseline data from an implementation study testing that included a sample of 553 residents, 30% of who were Black, from 55 nursing were included in this study. The Winsteps statistical program was used to perform the Rasch analysis and evaluate the reliability and validity of the measure based on internal consistency, infit and outfit statistics, mapping, and a differential item functioning (DIF) analysis. The AMOS statistical program was used for confirmatory factor analysis. The findings supported the reliability and validity of the PAINAD when used with these individuals and demonstrated that there was no evidence of invariance between the Black and White residents. All the items fit the model, but there was not a good spread of the items across the pain level of the participants. The majority of the participants (75%) were so low in pain signs or symptoms that they could not be differentiated. Based on the clinical practice and observations, it is recommended that additional items can be added to the measure such as observing the individual for evidence of resisting care, retropulsion when trying to stand, hitting or kicking when turning in bed, hitting or kicking when transferring from bed to chair, hitting or kicking when ambulating, or hitting or kicking when raising arms, less engagement with others, and decreased participation in the activities previously enjoyed.

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Psychometric properties of pain measurements for people living with dementia: a COSMIN systematic review

Smith

Harvey

2022

Eur Geriatr Med

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Purpose Detecting pain in older people with dementia is challenging. Consequentially, pain is often under-reported and under-treated. There remains uncertainty over what measures should be promoted for use to assess pain in this population. The purpose of this paper is to answer this question. Methods A search of clinical trials registered on the ClinicalTrial.gov and ISRCTN registries was performed to identify outcome measures used to assess pain in people with dementia. Following this, a systematic review of published and unpublished databases was performed to 01 November 2021 to identify papers assessing the psychometric properties of these identified measures. Each paper and measure was assessed against the COSMIN checklist. A best evidence synthesis analysis was performed to assess the level of evidence for each measure. Results From 188 clinical trials, nine outcome measures were identified. These included: Abbey Pain Scale, ALGOPLUS, DOLOPLUS-2, Facial Action Coding System, MOBID-2, self-reported pain through the NRS or VAS/thermometer or Philadelphia Geriatric Pain Intensity Scale, PACSLAC/PACSLAC-2, Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD), and Checklist for non-verbal pain behavior (CNPI). From these, 51 papers (5924 people with dementia) were identified assessing the psychometric properties of these measures. From these, there was strong- and moderate-level evidence to support the use of the facial action coding system, PACSLAC and PACSLAC-II, CNPI, DOLOPLUS-2, ALGOPLUS, MOBID, and MOBID-2 tools for the assessment of pain with people living with dementia. Conclusion Whilst these reflect measurement tools used in research, further consideration on how these reflect clinical practice should be considered. PROSPERO registration CRD42021282032

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The Turkish Version of Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) Scale

Abstract: The PAINAD-TR scale can be used for the assessment and management of pain in non-communicative older adults with AD.

Cited by 6 publications

References 22 publications

Spanish adaptation and validation of the Pain Assessment Scale in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) in patients with dementia and impaired verbal communication: cross-sectional study

Spanish adaptation and validation of the Pain Assessment Scale in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) in patients with dementia and impaired verbal communication: cross-sectional study

Invariance of the PAINAD Scale Between the Black and White Residents Living With Dementia

Psychometric properties of pain measurements for people living with dementia: a COSMIN systematic review

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