The ‘Two finger’ sign. Clinical examination of palmaris longus (PL) tendon

Pushpakumar, Sathnur; Hanson, R.; Carroll, Sean M.

doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2003.11.024

Cited by 52 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Although alternative methods of examination of this tendon have been described (Thompson et al, 1921;Mishra;Pushpakumar et al), they offer no definitive advantage over the conventional method (Oudit et al, 2005). The conventional method was therefore preferred because it is fairly easy and reproducible, when used for a large number of subjects as in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Prevalence of Agenesis of Palmaris Longus Muscle amongst Students in Two Lagos-Based Medical Schools

2010

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SUMMARY:Palmaris longus (PL) muscle, although of little functional use to the human upper limb, assumes great importance when used as a donor tendon for transfer or transplant. The surgeon's awareness of the incidence in a population is therefore desirable. In the present study, 500 Medical students (242 males and 258 females) of ages 16 to 40 years from both College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Idi-Araba and Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja were examined for the presence or absence of the PL tendon, using the conventional (Schaffer's) test. The prevalence and pattern of PL agenesis was further analyzed statistically for differences in the prevalence or pattern of PL agenesis with regard to body side or sex. The prevalence of PL agenesis was found to be 12.6% (8% Unilateral and 4.6% Bilateral). Out of those with unilateral agenesis, 20 (4%) had left-sided agenesis and 20 (4%) had rightsided agenesis. Although female subjects had a prevalence of agenesis of PL tendon (Unilateral and Bilateral combined) of 36 out of 258, (13.95%) while in male subjects this prevalence was 23 out of 242 (9.5%). The prevalence of PL muscle agenesis in this study was found to be much higher than the reported average for blacks (2-3%).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pushpakumar's "two-finger sign" method (Pushpakumar et al, 2004). The subject was asked to fully extend the index finger and middle finger, the wrist and other fingers are flexed and finally the thumb is fully opposed and flexed (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence of Agenesis of Palmaris Longus Muscle amongst Students in Two Lagos-Based Medical Schools

2010

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“…Nine different techniques have been put forward to manually test for the presence of the PLM and most claimed to have an advantage over other techniques (Schaeffer, 1909;Zeybek et al, 1998;Mishra, 2001;Pushpakumar et al, 2004;Bhattacharya and Raveendra Reddy, 2005;Mahajan, 2005;Oudit et al, 2005). The rationale for testing the PLM clinically can be best understood by examining the actions of this muscle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The clinical surface anatomy anomalies of the palmaris longus muscle in the Black African population of Zimbabwe and a proposed new testing technique

Gangata

2009

Clinical Anatomy

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The presence of the palmaris longus muscle (PLM) is highly variable. Rates of absence vary from 0.6% in the Korean population to as high as 63.9% in the Turkish population. The tendon of PLM may be absent on one or both forearms, may have duplicated tendons on one forearm or may be laterally shifted to the extent that the tendon of the PLM lies superficial to that of flexor carpi radialis muscle. Among Black American populations, in which there is usually mixed ancestry, rates of absence are 3.5%. Only two studies have been performed on Black African populations: in Republic of Congo and Uganda, and each showed widely differing rates of absence of 3.0% and 14.6%, respectively. In this study, a total of 890 Black Zimbabwean subjects in Harare aged between 8 and 13 years, were examined for clinical surface anatomy anomalies of the tendon of PLM. The results showed that the tendon of the PLM was absent unilaterally in 0.9% of the population, and bilaterally absent in 0.6% with an overall rate of absence of 1.5%. Other variations noted were a laterally shifted PLM in 1.1% of subjects and duplicated tendons on one forearm, which was the least prevalent anomaly, in 0.2% of subjects. The author proposes a new technique to test the tendon of PLM, which combines resisted thumb abduction and resisted wrist flexion. The proposed technique capitalizes on the role of the PLM as an important abductor of the thumb.

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“…Subjects who are having any deformities, diseases or injury in the upper extremity were excluded. In this study, the presence or absence of PL was determined by series of tendon examination techniques described by Schaeffer's test (standard test) (Schaeffer, 1909), Thompson's fist (Thompson et al, 1921), Mishra's 1st and 2nd test (Mishra, 2001) and Pushpakumar's two finger sign (Pushpakumar et al, 2004). Each subject was initially asked to do the standard test.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agenesis of Palmaris Longus in Southern of Iran: A Population Based Study

Karimi-Jashni¹

2014

OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences

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The Palmaris Longus (PL) muscle is a weak flexor muscle with wide prevalence of agenesis in world. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of agenesis of PL in a southern population of Iran. A total of 732 subjects aged 7-86 years were selected randomly. The participants were primarily asked to do the standard test (Schaeffer's test). Four tests were done for confirmation of the absence of the tendon in the subjects. The overall agenesis of muscle in both genders was 30.7±1.7%. This prevalence was more in females than in males (38.6 Vs. 22.7%, p<0.001). The bilateral agenesis was seen in 19.5% and left and right sided absences were 6.8% and 4.4%, respectively. There were significant differences between total and bilateral agenesis with age groups (P = 0.016 and P = 0.017). The agenesis of PL was higher than it reported in literature. The prevalence of bilateral absent was more common in present study adversely to the report in text that it was more on left side hand.

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The ‘Two finger’ sign. Clinical examination of palmaris longus (PL) tendon

Cited by 52 publications

References 3 publications

The Prevalence of Agenesis of Palmaris Longus Muscle amongst Students in Two Lagos-Based Medical Schools

The Prevalence of Agenesis of Palmaris Longus Muscle amongst Students in Two Lagos-Based Medical Schools

The clinical surface anatomy anomalies of the palmaris longus muscle in the Black African population of Zimbabwe and a proposed new testing technique

Agenesis of Palmaris Longus in Southern of Iran: A Population Based Study

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