The two-steps mental simulation process of Chinese definite unbounded negative sentences

The Post-verbal Effect of Negators in Mongolian Contradictory Negations Provides Support for the Fusion Model

“…To conform with previous studies' manipulations other than the post-verbal effects of negators, the sentencepicture verification paradigm was used in the present study to investigate the processing of Mongolian contradictory negations at different ISIs to investigate the post-verbal effect of negators on contradictory negation processing. In line with existing studies (Kaup et al, 2006;Gao et al, 2011;Chen et al, 2014;Cui et al, 2016), the present study defines 250 ISI after sentence reading as the initial stage of negation processing, 750 ISI as the middle stage, and 1,500 ISI as the late stage.…”

“…The finding of Kaup et al ( 2007a ) was that participants responded to the questions regarding affirmative sentences with a mean accuracy of 77% and those regarding negative sentences with a mean accuracy of 80%. Thus, in the present experiment, we excluded four participants whose accuracy rates were lower than 75% (accounting for 8.2% of all data), and where RTs were longer than 3,000 ms or shorter than 300 ms (1.32%) or beyond 2 standard deviations from a participant's mean (1.76%), these were also omitted from all analysis (as per Gao et al, 2011 ; Cui et al, 2016 ). Yan and Bai ( 2000 ) noted that the average fixation duration on a Mandarin reading material was ~0.3 s for both horizontal and vertical formats, and the number of words an average participant can see at one gaze is about two (normal Mandarin printing format is horizontal, but it was found that participants were able to read vertically printed material just as quickly).…”

“…In later negation-processing studies (e.g., Kaup et al, 2006Kaup et al, , 2007aGao et al, 2011Gao et al, , 2017Chen et al, 2014;Cui et al, 2016), 250 ISI was used as the time a subject needed to form a representation of a sentence's core supposition (akin to view-specific representation in the picture-matching paradigm). Measuring whether the representation facilitates the judgment on negation-congruent or negation-incongruent picture stimuli that follow after 250 ISI would elucidate whether the representation fused the negation operator with the core or not at this stage, as advocated respectively, by the single-or dual-step model.…”

A Review of the Research on Cognitive Mechanism of the Processing of Chinese Negative Sentences

“…Influenced by the embodied cognition theory of this period, it is believed that language comprehension is actually a process in which people construct mental models based on their existing experiences and simulate the described content and situation a second time while reading a text. Negation as a semantic logical operator can only be represented implicitly (Cui et al, 2016). On the basis of embodied cognition, Kaup et al (2007) proposed a Two-Step Simulation Hypothesis of the negative processing.…”