The regulation of cell growth is one of the most important effects of type I interferons (IFNs). This response may involve a cytostatic effect or the induction of apoptosis depending on the cell context. Often the growthinhibitory response of type I IFNs is studied in tumor cell lines carrying mutations of tumor suppressor genes, and therefore, the growth-inhibitory effect can be influenced by inactivation of these important regulators of cell proliferation. In this report, we explored the role of the ARF-p53 pathway in the growth-inhibitory effect of type I IFNs. We found that p53 is only induced in cells that express p14 ARF (p19 ARF in mouse cells). Surprisingly, mouse embryonal fibroblasts that are null for p19 ARF or P53, even after transformation with oncogenic RAS, respond as well as wild type to the growth-inhibitory effect of type I IFNs. Similarly, human ARF ؊/؊ U2OS and P53 ؊/؊ SAOS-2 cells show a significant decrease in cell proliferation. However, only SAOS-2 or U2OS reconstituted with inducible p14 ARF undergo apoptosis in response to IFN treatment, and this effect was not inhibited by expression of dominant negative p53. These data suggest that (i) at least in specific cell types, the induction of apoptosis by type I IFNs requires an ARF pathway that is p53-independent and (ii) the cytostatic and pro-apoptotic effects of type I IFNs employ different pathways.The product of the retinoblastoma gene, RB (for recent reviews see Refs. 1-4), regulates the passage from G 1 to S phase by tightly controlling the restriction point (reviewed in Refs. 1-6). Malignant transformation always involves deregulation of the restriction point by either the absence of functional RB, the amplification of cyclin D or CDK4, or the loss of p16 INK4a (1, 4). However, additional events are required for the emergence of a malignant phenotype, because hyperproliferative signals trigger built-in safety mechanisms that result in cell cycle arrest/senescence or apoptosis. The main effector of this safety mechanism is the ARF-MDM2-p53 pathway. For instance, the absence of RB triggers not only the transcription of S phase genes but also p19 ARF , which in turn inhibits MDM2, allowing p53 to stop cell cycle progression and induce apoptosis or senescence (7-9). The ARF-MDM2-p53 pathway is also a safety net for the activation of oncogenes such as RAS, MYC, v-Abl, and E1A. These mechanisms explain why most tumors not only have alterations of the RB pathway (i.e. either inactivation of tumor suppressors RB or INK4A, or amplification of cyclin D or CDK4/6) but also mutations in P53 or ARF that allow cells to escape cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. Thus, it is not surprising to find in many cancers the INK4A locus, which encodes both p16 and p19 ARF deleted and inactivated by methylation and/or mutated (10 -20).Type I interferons (IFN␣, -, and -) 1 possess a wide variety of actions among which the antiviral and antiproliferative activities have captured most of the attention because of their potential therapeutic uses (21-23). Bindi...