The ultimate polymer application: Resin‐bonded cellulose separators for lead–acid batteries

Dafler, J. R.

doi:10.1002/app.1977.070210921

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Prominent examples of the first category in Figure 1 are industrially produced microporous films made from polymers as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), naturally abundant materials (e.g. cellulose [10] or rubber [7]), as well as nonwovens. Nonwovens are defined as sheets, webs or matts manufactured from fibres that are bonded by adhesion, cohesion, chemical bonds, friction or heat treatment.…”

Section: Fundamentals and Categorizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separators and electrolytes for rechargeable batteries: Fundamentals and perspectives

Nestler

Roedern

Уваров

et al. 2018

Physical Sciences Reviews

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Abstract Separators and electrolytes provide electronic blockage and ion permeability between the electrodes in electrochemical cells. Nowadays, their performance and cost is often even more crucial to the commercial use of common and future electrochemical cells than the chosen electrode materials. Hence, at the present, many efforts are directed towards finding safe and reliable solid electrolytes or liquid electrolyte/separator combinations. With this comprehensive review, the reader is provided with recent approaches on this field and the fundamental knowledge that can be helpful to understand and push forward the developments of new electrolytes for rechargeable batteries. After presenting different types of separators as well as the main hurdles that are associated with them, this work focuses on promising material classes and concepts for next-generation batteries. First, chemical and crystallographic concepts and models for the description and improvement of the ionic conductivity of bulk and composite solid electrolytes are outlined. To demonstrate recent perspectives, research highlights have been included in this work: magnesium borohydride-based complexes for solid-state Mg batteries as well as all-in-one rechargeable SrTiO3 single-crystal energy storage. Furthermore, ionic liquids pose a promising safe alternative for future battery cells. An overview on their basic principles and use is given, demonstrating their applicability for Li-ion systems as well as for so-called post-Li chemistries, such as Mg- and Al-ion batteries.

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Section: Fundamentals and Categorizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separators and electrolytes for rechargeable batteries: Fundamentals and perspectives

Nestler

Roedern

Уваров

et al. 2018

Physical Sciences Reviews

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“…Industrially produced organic separators can be fabricated from a variety of materials, such as microporous polymer films (e. g. polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)), nonwoven fabrics (commonly made from polymer fibers) or naturally abundant materials (e. g. cellulose [30] or rubber [10]). In commercial batteries, separators made from microporous polymeric films dominate [11].…”

Section: Materials and Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Separators - Technology review: Ceramic based separators for secondary batteries

Nestler¹,

Schmid²,

Münchgesang³

et al. 2014

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. Besides a continuous increase of the worldwide use of electricity, the electric energy storage technology market is a growing sector. At the latest since the German energy transition ("Energiewende") was announced, technological solutions for the storage of renewable energy have been intensively studied. Storage technologies in various forms are commercially available. A widespread technology is the electrochemical cell. Here the cost per kWh, e. g. determined by energy density, production process and cycle life, is of main interest. Commonly, an electrochemical cell consists of an anode and a cathode that are separated by an ion permeable or ion conductive membranethe separator -as one of the main components. Many applications use polymeric separators whose pores are filled with liquid electrolyte, providing high power densities. However, problems arise from different failure mechanisms during cell operation, which can affect the integrity and functionality of these separators. In the case of excessive heating or mechanical damage, the polymeric separators become an incalculable security risk. Furthermore, the growth of metallic dendrites between the electrodes leads to unwanted short circuits. In order to minimize these risks, temperature stable and non-flammable ceramic particles can be added, forming so-called composite separators. Full ceramic separators, in turn, are currently commercially used only for high-temperature operation systems, due to their comparably low ion conductivity at room temperature. However, as security and lifetime demands increase, these materials turn into focus also for future room temperature applications. Hence, growing research effort is being spent on the improvement of the ion conductivity of these ceramic solid electrolyte materials, acting as separator and electrolyte at the same time. Starting with a short overview of available separator technologies and the separator market, this review focuses on ceramic-based separators. Two prominent examples, the lithium-ion and sodium-sulfur battery, are described to show the current stage of development. New routes are presented as promising technologies for safe and long-life electrochemical storage cells.

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“…3. However, the reaction of RBC separator matrixes to water is quite different, and water vapor actually lowers the order of the separator matrix while having a definite ordering effect on untreated alpha cellulose (86,87,109,110).…”

Section: Resin-bonded Cellulose Separatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A small hand sheet was made by filtration and dried in vacuo; the result, a brittle horny material, was analyzed by x-ray diffraction. The x-ray spectrum was compared directly with the spectrum of raw material cellulose (87). The spectra are almost identical, and the crystallinity indexes, in the sense of Segal (107b) or Hermans and Weidinger (107a), are virtually the same.…”

Section: Resin-bonded Cellulose Separatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resin‐Bonded Cellulose Separators: An Overview with Prognoses

Dafler¹

1978

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Resin-bonded cellulose separators are very widely used in the starting, lighting, and ignition battery industry. Since their appearance and maturity, they have undergone systematic improvements, but their basic shortcomings have remained. Separator development is reviewed here, and the pertinent structure and chemistry of the cellulose substrate is discussed. The current literature, which indicates that improvements in substrate character and acid resistance can be made, isalso reviewed.In 1917, almost the beginning of the modern starting, lighting, and ignition battery industry, Brooks pointed out the lead-accumulator was unexcelled in portable service applications (1). Separators at that time were wood veneer and were superior to anything in use despite the stringent requirements of their manufacture. At that time, only treated wood possessed good wicking action and reasonable conductivity and held active material in place against vibration and the eroding action of hydrogen generated on overcharge. Other materials had been tried, but until the microporous hard rubber separator appeared, wood veneers and combinations of wood and other materials dominated separator practice. Eyanson developed an unglazed porcelain membrane with incorporated lead spacers (2), but this product undoubtedly gave a cell of high internal resistance. Sperry developed a perforated, corrugated, hard rubber sheet that was really a simple, open spacer (3). ~he earliest hard rubber separators, used as adjuncts to wood, were approximately 30% porous. Batteries in which they were used were poor for cranking purposes (4).Hardy and Hungerbuhler (5) experimented with artificial stone for making separator membranes. They compressed and then baked silicates, feldspars, bone, and lime to form refractory porous sheets. Rodman (6, 7) experimented with techniques to make porous glass separators, developing membranes of sand or fine glass powder flitted together.In 1910, Flanders described an untreated wood veneer separator using a well-defined rib structure (8), and after this a number of wood/hard rubber combinations were developed. Carpenter (9) coa'~ed thin wood sheets with' vulcanized rubber, and Chamberlain described a process to produce wood veneers machined so that the ribs were integral to the separator structure (10). Gould's patent, describing the use of hard rubber and wood laminated together, appeared in 1916 (11).Many battery researchers applied themselves to the separator problem between Brooks's time and the period during which the resin-bonded paper separator appeared, then matured. One of the more interesting * Electrochemical Society Active Member, 1 Present address: Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616.inventions was Bliss's (12) ingenious attempt to make a porous phenol-formaldehyde sheet. He mixed asbestos and zinc with resin, polymerized it, and removed the zinc with acid. A number of other inventions included a separator of chopped bird feathers and sodium sulfite (13), bitumen-impregnated felts (14), roofing fel...

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The ultimate polymer application: Resin‐bonded cellulose separators for lead–acid batteries

Cited by 7 publications

References 23 publications

Separators and electrolytes for rechargeable batteries: Fundamentals and perspectives

Separators and electrolytes for rechargeable batteries: Fundamentals and perspectives

Separators - Technology review: Ceramic based separators for secondary batteries

Resin‐Bonded Cellulose Separators: An Overview with Prognoses

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