The ultrastructure of articular cartilage of the chicken's knee joint

J, Graf; Stofft, E; Freese, U.; Niethard, Fritz U.

doi:10.1007/bf00183553

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In birds, the fibrocartilage sleeve encapsulates the hyaline cartilage superficially and forms the entire proximal femoral articular surface (Graf et al, ). The fibrocartilage layer exhibits little medial attachment to the cortical bone, thickens along the superficial surface of the femoral neck (facies articularis antitrochanterica, Baumel and Witmer, ), and attaches to the hyaline cartilage layer on the medial side of the greater trochanter (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Articular soft tissue anatomy of the archosaur hip joint: Structural homology and functional implications

Tsai

Holliday

2014

Journal of Morphology

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Archosaurs evolved a wide diversity of locomotor postures, body sizes, and hip joint morphologies. The two extant archosaurs clades (birds and crocodylians) possess highly divergent hip joint morphologies, and the homologies and functions of their articular soft tissues, such as ligaments, cartilage, and tendons, are poorly understood. Reconstructing joint anatomy and function of extinct vertebrates is critical to understanding their posture, locomotor behavior, ecology, and evolution. However, the lack of soft tissues in fossil taxa makes accurate inferences of joint function difficult. Here, we describe the soft tissue anatomies and their osteological correlates in the hip joint of archosaurs and their sauropsid outgroups, and infer structural homology across the extant taxa. A comparative sample of 35 species of birds, crocodylians, lepidosaurs, and turtles ranging from hatchling to skeletally mature adult were studied using dissection, imaging, and histology. Birds and crocodylians possess topologically and histologically consistent articular soft tissues in their hip joints. Epiphyseal cartilages, fibrocartilages, and ligaments leave consistent osteological correlates. The archosaur acetabulum possesses distinct labrum and antitrochanter structures on the supraacetabulum. The ligamentum capitis femoris consists of distinct pubic- and ischial attachments, and is homologous with the ventral capsular ligament of lepidosaurs. The proximal femur has a hyaline cartilage core attached to the metaphysis via a fibrocartilaginous sleeve. This study provides new insight into soft tissue structures and their osteological correlates (e.g., the antitrochanter, the fovea capitis, and the metaphyseal collar) in the archosaur hip joint. The topological arrangement of fibro- and hyaline cartilage may provide mechanical support for the chondroepiphysis. The osteological correlates identified here will inform systematic and functional analyses of archosaur hindlimb evolution and provide the anatomical foundation for biomechanical investigations of joint tissues.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Articular soft tissue anatomy of the archosaur hip joint: Structural homology and functional implications

Tsai

Holliday

2014

Journal of Morphology

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“…It has already been reported that the articular cartilage in the knee joint of chickens is ‘neither a typical hyaline nor a typical fibrous cartilage’ (Graf et al. ). Moreover, almost all the articular cartilages of the mallard ducks (and especially in the jaw joint) appeared to have Type I collagen fibers deep within the cartilage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cranial joint histology in the mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos): new insights on avian cranial kinesis

2016

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The evolution of avian cranial kinesis is a phenomenon in part responsible for the remarkable diversity of avian feeding adaptations observable today. Although osteological, developmental and behavioral features of the feeding system are frequently studied, comparatively little is known about cranial joint skeletal tissue composition and morphology from a microscopic perspective. These data are key to understanding the developmental, biomechanical and evolutionary underpinnings of kinesis. Therefore, here we investigated joint microstructure in juvenile and adult mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos; Anseriformes). Ducks belong to a diverse clade of galloanseriform birds, have derived adaptations for herbivory and kinesis, and are model organisms in developmental biology. Thus, new insights into their cranial functional morphology will refine our understanding of avian cranial evolution. A total of five specimens (two ducklings and three adults) were histologically sampled, and two additional specimens (a duckling and an adult) were subjected to micro-computed tomographic scanning. Five intracranial joints were sampled: the jaw joint (quadrate-articular); otic joint (quadrate-squamosal); palatobasal joint (parasphenoid-pterygoid); the mandibular symphysis (dentary-dentary); and the craniofacial hinge (a complex flexion zone involving four different pairs of skeletal elements). In both the ducklings and adults, the jaw, otic and palatobasal joints are all synovial, with a synovial cavity and articular cartilage on each surface (i.e. bichondral joints) ensheathed in a fibrous capsule. The craniofacial hinge begins as an ensemble of patent sutures in the duckling, but in the adult it becomes more complex: laterally it is synovial; whereas medially, it is synostosed by a bridge of chondroid bone. We hypothesize that it is chondroid bone that provides some of the flexible properties of this joint. The heavily innervated mandibular symphysis is already fused in the ducklings and remains as such in the adult. The results of this study will serve as reference for documenting avian cranial kinesis from a microanatomical perspective. The formation of: (i) secondary articular cartilage on the membrane bones of extant birds; and (ii) their unique ability to form movable synovial joints within two or more membrane bones (i.e. within their dermatocranium) might have played a role in the origin and evolution of modern avian cranial kinesis during dinosaur evolution.

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“…comm.). In fact, extant dinosaurs have proportionally much thicker cartilage caps than mammals, and their articular cartilage is pervaded by blood vessels (Graf et al 1993). If one assumes a thin, mammal-like cartilage cap (Kummer 2005) on dinosaur long bones, many joints would not be functional, as exemplified by the knee of Plateosaurus, which would not allow smooth flexion and extension (Mallison 2010c).…”

Section: Articular Cartilagementioning

confidence: 99%

CAD assessment of the posture and range of motion of Kentrosaurus aethiopicus Hennig 1915

Mallison

2010

Swiss J Geosci

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A computer aided design analysis using highresolution laser scans of the bones of the stegosaur Kentrosaurus aethiopicus HENNIG 1915 from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation indicates that in the habitual walking pose the forelimbs were probably held erect, and that strong humeral flexion and abduction mainly occurred in a defensive stance. Rapid gaits with unsupported phases could not be used. The neck allowed sufficient lateral flexion to guarantee good sight in all directions including posteriorly. The tail covered an arch of roughly 180°and had sufficient range to be used as a weapon. Possibly, the animal could accomplish tail blows against specific targets in sight. Also, a tripodal pose is suggested to have been possible, roughly doubling the maximum vertical feeding height of Kentrosaurus.

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The ultrastructure of articular cartilage of the chicken's knee joint

Cited by 8 publications

References 21 publications

Articular soft tissue anatomy of the archosaur hip joint: Structural homology and functional implications

Articular soft tissue anatomy of the archosaur hip joint: Structural homology and functional implications

Cranial joint histology in the mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos): new insights on avian cranial kinesis

CAD assessment of the posture and range of motion of Kentrosaurus aethiopicus Hennig 1915

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