The Under Reported Issue of Antibiotic-Resistance in Food-Producing Animals in Pakistan

Rahman, Sadeeq ur

doi:10.29261/pakvetj/2019.037

Cited by 31 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The prevalence of Salmonella in beef samples in our research study is higher as compared to previous research studies [33][34][35][36]. However, some research studies have reported more than 60% prevalence in beef samples [37][38][39][40]. The Salmonella prevalence in beef is much lower in developed countries like USA due to strict control measures.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

“…Salmonella isolates of raw beef origin exhibited high resistance to antibiotics of therapeutic importance such as Tetracycline, Oxytetracycline, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin and Ciprofloxacin which reflects their high use in the livestock industry in Pakistan [39]. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in livestock industry have greatly contributed to the spread of MDR bacteria especially Salmonella to humans via the food chain [48].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The carriage of beta-lactamases by Salmonella isolates reflects the fact that bacteria carry antibiotic resistance genes for enhanced survivability in an environment with selective pressure in the form of antimicrobials [56]. It is a matter of fact that antimicrobials are extensively used in cattle and other livestock animals for prophylaxis and growth promotion, which ultimately resulted in the emergence of multi and extensively drug-resistant strains of Salmonella [39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Characterization Of Pathogenic Salmonella Spp From Raw Beef In Karachi, Pakistan

et al. 2020

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The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella and investigate the dominant serovars distribution in raw beef and to screen the isolated serovars for the prescense of beta-lactamases and virulence genes. A total of 150 samples of raw beef sold at butcher shops (n = 75) and supermarkets (n = 75) in Karachi city were collected (50 samples each from muscles, lymph nodes, and minced beef). The samples were cultured according to the ISO-6579-1guidlines. The overall prevalence of Salmonella strains was found to be 21.34%. A total of 56 isolates of Salmonella belonging to four serogroups (Salmonella Pullorum, Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Choleraesuis) were isolated from beef muscles (12%), lymph nodes (24%) and minced beef (28%) samples collected from butcher shops (av. 21.34%). No Salmonella was detected in beef samples collected from supermarkets. S. Enteritidis contamination was highest (37.5%), followed by S. Choleraesuis (30.4%), S. Pullorum (19.6%) and S. Typhimurium (12.5 %). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that Salmonella isolates were highly resistant to Oxytetracycline (90%), Ampicillin (90.5%), Amoxicillin (81.1%), Tetracycline (76%), Neomycin, (79.8%) and Ciprofloxacin (61.4%). The Salmonella isolates examined were more susceptible to the Cephalosporin antibiotics such as Cefixime (43.2%), Cefepime (48.2) and Cefoxitin (49.8%). PCR based screening of blaTEM, blaCTX-M and blaSHV revealed that blaCTX-M and blaTEM were the dominant resistant genes in S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium followed by S. Pullorum and S. Choleraesuis whereas blaSHV was the least detected beta-lactamase in Salmonella isolates. Virulence genes screening revealed that at least five genes were present in all the serovars, highest being present in S. Enteritidis (12/17) and S. Typhimurium (12/17). S. Cholerasuis (5/17) carried the least number of virulence genes followed by S. Pullorum (6/17). The present data suggest that beef samples from butcher shops of Karachi city are heavily contaminated with MDR Salmonella. The presence of resistance and virulence genes in MDR strains of Salmonella may play a significant role in transmission and development of Salmonella infection in humans.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Characterization Of Pathogenic Salmonella Spp From Raw Beef In Karachi, Pakistan

et al. 2020

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“…Total consumption of antimicrobials by chickens in Asia is expected to increase by 129% between 2010 and 2030, driven in large part by increasing chicken consumption in India and Pakistan concomitant with population growth and poor antibiotic stewardship (Hussain et al, 2015;Van Boeckel et al, 2015). Although policies have recently been introduced to encourage restricted antibiotic use in food animals in Pakistan, challenges to regulation and surveillance remain such that accurate estimates of antibiotic usage in poultry rearing are elusive (Rahman and Mohsin, 2019). The types of antibiotics used might be inferred from the multi-drug resistance profiles identified in E. coli isolates by previous studies, alarmingly with high prevalence to antibiotics of clinical importance (Idrees et al, 2011;Akhtar et al, 2016;Azam et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic Characterization of Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated From Domestic Chickens in Pakistan

Rafique

Potter²,

Ferreiro

et al. 2020

Front. Microbiol.

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Poultry husbandry is important for the economic health of Pakistan, but the Pakistani poultry industry is negatively impacted by infections from Escherichia coli. We performed Illumina whole genome sequencing on 92 E. coli isolates obtained from the livers of deceased chickens originating in five Pakistani geographical regions. Our analysis indicates that the isolates are predominantly from the B1 and A clade and harbor a diverse number of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, with no linkage between phylogeny and antibiotic resistance gene presence but some association between phylogeny and virulence gene and SNP presence for the B1 and E phylogroups. The colistin resistance gene mcr-1 and the quinolone resistance gene qnrS1 were both found in 13/92 isolates. Alarmingly, 82/92 of the E. coli strains characterized in this study are multidrug resistant with 100% (92/92) resistance to lincomycin, 81.5% (75/92) to streptomycin, 79.3% (73/92) to ampicillin and 66.3% (61/92) to ciprofloxacin. These results provide a high-resolution analysis of poultry-associated E. coli isolates in an area with a high endemic burden of antibiotic resistance. Surveillance of antibiotic resistance in poultry associated E. coli isolates is an important pillar of the One Health concept to integrate analysis of potential pathogens in human, animal, and environmental niches.

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“…Although NAP-AMR urged the monitoring and reduction in the level of AMU in animals, nationwide surveillance to monitor AMU in livestock has not been established yet ( 16 ). Therefore, this study is designed to quantify AMU on a convenience sample of two large corporate commercial dairy farms for 1 year to provide the first baseline study on AMU at the farm-level in Pakistan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Case Report on Quantification of Antimicrobial Use in Corporate Dairy Farms in Pakistan

et al. 2020

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Intensive livestock farming has become indispensable to meet the rapidly increasing demand for animal-based nutrition in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where antimicrobials are frequently used for treatment and prophylactic or metaphylactic purposes. However, very little is known about the trends of antimicrobial use (AMU) in dairy animals in LMICs. The objective of this study was to quantify AMU in two large commercial dairy farms in Pakistan. A retrospective study was conducted at two large corporate commercial dairy farms located in Punjab province for the year 2018. AMU was calculated using three metrics: active ingredient (AI; kg) and milligrams per population unit (mg/PU; mg/kg), which quantifies the amount of AI used, and antimicrobial treatment incidence (ATI; DDDA/1,000 cow-days), which estimates the per-day number of treatments to 1,000 cows. Total on-farm AMU was found to be 138.34 kg, 65.88 mg/kg, and 47.71 DDDA/1,000 cow-days. Measured in ATI, aminoglycosides (11.05 DDDA/1,000 cow-days), penicillins (8.29 DDDA/1,000 cow-days), and tetracyclines (8.1 DDDA/1,000 cow-days) were the most frequently used antimicrobial classes. A total of 42.46% of all the antimicrobials used belonged to the critically important antimicrobials for human medicine as defined by the World Health Organization. Considerably high AMU was found compared to other farm-level studies across the world. This was the first study to quantify AMU in the dairy industry in Pakistan. Our results showed that corporate commercial dairy management practices are associated with increased antimicrobial consumption and highlight the need for antimicrobial stewardship programs to encourage prudent use of antimicrobials in commercial dairy.

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The Under Reported Issue of Antibiotic-Resistance in Food-Producing Animals in Pakistan

Cited by 31 publications

References 53 publications

Molecular Characterization Of Pathogenic Salmonella Spp From Raw Beef In Karachi, Pakistan

Molecular Characterization Of Pathogenic Salmonella Spp From Raw Beef In Karachi, Pakistan

Genomic Characterization of Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated From Domestic Chickens in Pakistan

First Case Report on Quantification of Antimicrobial Use in Corporate Dairy Farms in Pakistan

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