The underbody flow of an EDS-type advanced ground transport vehicle

Moving-model technique used in automobile aerodynamics for measurement of ground effects

“…In these cases, the models were moved through resting air over a fixed plate so that the actual conditions were duplicated on a smaller scale. Similar experiments have been carried out by Howell and Everitt (1981) with a three-dimensional model of an advanced ground vehicle. Measurements of the fluid velocity between the lower side of the model and the ground as well as the pressure on the ground were registered at a fixed location while the model passed by.…”

Design of a wing section in ground effect: application to high speed ground transportation

“…In the following subsections, the six experimental techniques will be summarized and critiqued in turn, with special attention to the testing of airfoils. General discussions and comparisons of the various experimental methods can be found in the works of Pistolesi of 1935 [238], Kuchemann of 1978 [239], and Howell and Everitt of 1981 [240].…”

“…Furthermore, the experimental findings will become important in the design of the ram-air train fuselages. There has been a renewed interest in the aerodynamic design of automobiles since the energy crises of the 1970s (see [262], [263], [272], [273], [274], [264], [258], [275], [276], [277], [278], [279], [240], [280], [281] and [267]). …”

“…Such concerns have given rise to much wind tunnel testing; an example was the aerodynamic design of the Japanese Tokaido-line trains tested by means of the mirror-image method by Hara, Kawaquiti, Fukuchi, and Yamamoto in 1968 [251] (also see [282], [252], [259] and [240]). …”