“…More recently, evidence that listening is considered an essential communicative function can be found within several lines of research including constructivism (Burleson, 2011), interpersonal skills (Spitzberg & Cupach, 2002), conversational memory (Stafford & Daly, 1984), and message interpretation (Edwards, 2011). Unfortunately, even within these lines of research, listening is not examined in any systematic way; instead, listening is a largely assumed process that undergirds important communication functions from social support to persuasion (Arnett & Nakagawa, 1983;Bodie, 2011). Indeed, the most thorough treatment of listening is found in interpersonal communication textbooks where and the focus is on ''practical skill development rather than conceptual clarification or empirical research'' (Stewart, 1983, p. 379).…”