The unique compositions of steryl ferulates in foxtail millet, barnyard millet and naked barley

Diversity in γ-oryzanol profiles of Japanese black-purple rice varieties

“…For instance, c-oryzanol in regular brown rice varieties is mostly composed of four steryl ferulates, such as cycloartenyl ferulate, 24-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate, campesteryl ferulate and b-sitosteryl ferulate (Miller and Engel 2006). Meanwhile, the major steryl ferulates present in wheat, corn, rye and foxtail millet are b-sitosteryl ferulate, campestanyl ferulate and stigmastanyl ferulate (Nystrom et al 2007;Esche et al 2012;Tsuzuki et al 2018). In regard to c-oryzanol present in pigmented rice varieties, previous studies have revealed that the composition of their steryl ferulates is similar to that of regular brown rice varieties (Pereira-Caro et al 2013a;Sing et al 2015;Minatel et al 2016).…”

Definitive evidence of the presence of 24-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate and 24-methylenecycloartanyl caffeate in barley

“…There are about ten kinds of molecular species in OZ, and they are divided into TTA-OZ and PS-OZ 16 , but TTA-OZ is considered to be characteristic of rice. However, most recently, there are some reports suggesting the presence of 24MCA-FA, which belongs to TTA-OZ, in barley 12,13 , but the complete identification and quantification of 24MCA-FA in various cultivars of barley have not been carried out. In this study, to accurately evaluate the presence of 24MCA-FA in barley, we carried out the detailed structural analysis.…”

“…This finding was also strengthened by Tsuzuki et al . that has detected the presence of 24MCA-FA in barley through its molecular weight by using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization method combined with mass spectrometry 13 . However, no studies have conducted the isolation of 24MCA-FA from barley and the determination of its chemical structure using by high-resolution (HR-) MS, and NMR, moreover, the quantification of 24MCA-FA in various barley cultivars.…”

Capitalizing on a double crop: Recent advances in proso millet's transition to a food crop

“…Hydroxycinnamic acids, in particular ferulic and p ‐courmaric acid, also occur as esters with phytosterols in cereal grains. However, only traces of such acylated phytosterols were found in proso millet (Tsuzuki et al., 2018), in contrast to foxtail millet that outperformed proso millet by about two orders of magnitude.…”