“…We refer to literature by Aaronson, 6 Arora-Barak, 7 Gritzmann-Sturmfels, 8 and Hartmanis-Stearns 9 for an extensive background on computational complexity in mathematics and in theoretical computer science. Computational complexity is the study of the difficulty of solving problems about finite combinatorial objects, with deep ramifications in cryptography, 10,11 algorithms, [12][13][14] game theory, 15 economics, 16 and artificial intelligence. 12,17 For example, given two integers a and b, are they relatively prime, or given a list of cities and a distances between any two cities, what is the shortest route so that one visits each city and returns to the original position?…”