The University Movement in the North of England at the End of the Nineteenth Century

Urban higher education development with Chinese characteristics–The case of Shenzhen

“…With a few notable exceptions (Chen & Kenney, 2007;Hayhoe & Pan, 2015;Kang & Jiang, 2020;Mok et al, 2020;Mok & Jiang, 2017), academic attention focused on HE in Shenzhen is still lacking, and this study enriches the literature on this focus and, more importantly, on a structured developmental history of it that may potentially inspire future research. Interestingly, looking at the process of HE development in Shenzhen and its evident coupling with its urban development as well as the increasingly intensified strategic planning and regional competition across and beyond China (Wu, 2007(Wu, , 2015, the study speaks to the wider debates on the changing nature of HE, in particular, its role in urban development and transformation at the local and municipal levels (Charles, 2006;Rocks, 2017;Schenk, 2019;Walsh, 2009). The study thus highlights the potential of case studies focusing on the sub-national/municipal scale of China, through which the changing relationship between the local government and universities situated in the wider context of China could be examined.…”

Review of Periodical Literature and Occasional Publications

“…Barker has used northern examples in an assessment of eighteenth-century newspaper advertising (215), and in a later period Milton has demonstrated the importance of children's columns to the prosperity of the popular Press on Tyneside (189). McDonald has described the history and work of the Halifax Literary and Philosophical Society, and the main contribution to educational history is Walsh's exploration of the opinions, arguments, motives and actions which led to the foundation of universities in the North, throwing into relief the varied assumptions, ambitions and calculations of Victorians (182). …”

The historical roots and development of the civic university

“…Outside of London, Durham University had been founded in 1832, but a wider expansion began in the mid-nineteenth century with the foundation of university colleges in the growing industrial cities of the North and Midlands such as Birmingham, Manchester and Newcastle that would later (mostly early in the next century) receive charters to gain university status (Barnes, 1996;Vernon, 2001;Walsh, 2009). These civic institutions were established with the support of the local business class, and as Sanderson (1988, p. 91) argues, '[t]he circumstances of their founding, the thrust of their studies and research, the background and career of their students, their whole ethos was rooted in the industrial culture from which they derived their purpose and which they served'.…”